Catalogue Search | MBRL
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
{{itemTitle}}
186,028
result(s) for
"James, R."
Sort by:
The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths
Key Points
Youths with conduct disorder and psychopathic traits are particularly difficult to treat.
Psychopathic traits are associated with two main impairments: a reduced empathic response to distress in others and impairment in reinforcement-based decision making.
The reduced empathic response to distress principally reflects a reduced amygdala response to the distress of others (their fear, sadness or pain).
The impairment in reinforcement-based decision making reflects dysfunction in the roles of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and caudate in representing expected reward and punishment and in detecting inconsistencies between obtained and expected rewards or punishments.
These two main impairments interfere with socialization, leading to the development of an individual with reduced guilt and increased probability of using instrumental antisocial behaviour to achieve their goals.
Heritability studies implicate a genetic contribution to these impairments; however, molecular genetic information on this disorder remains in its infancy.
Environmental variables that affect the development of the amygdala, vmPFC and caudate have been identified, but their role in the development of psychopathic traits has not been clearly demonstrated.
Not all youths with conduct disorder show psychopathic traits — there are individuals with a notably different pathophysiology marked by anxiety and increased responsiveness to threat.
Effective treatment of conduct disorder may require differentiating patients into those with psychopathic traits versus those with anxiety and increased responsiveness to threat and developing distinct treatment approaches for each group.
Children with conduct disorder show persistent aggressive or antisocial behaviour and, in some cases, psychopathic traits. In this Review, Blair describes the neural and cognitive mechanisms — and their interaction with environmental factors — that underlie psychopathic behaviour.
Conduct disorder is a childhood behaviour disorder that is characterized by persistent aggressive or antisocial behaviour that disrupts the child's environment and impairs his or her functioning. A proportion of children with conduct disorder have psychopathic traits. Psychopathic traits consist of a callous–unemotional component and an impulsive–antisocial component, which are associated with two core impairments. The first is a reduced empathic response to the distress of other individuals, which primarily reflects reduced amygdala responsiveness to distress cues; the second is deficits in decision making and in reinforcement learning, which reflects dysfunction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and striatum. Genetic and prenatal factors contribute to the abnormal development of these neural systems, and social–environmental variables that affect motivation influence the probability that antisocial behaviour will be subsequently displayed.
Journal Article
Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index
To design and develop a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index (DII) to compare diverse populations on the inflammatory potential of their diets.
Peer-reviewed primary research articles published through December 2010 on the effect of diet on inflammation were screened for possible inclusion in the DII scoring algorithm. Qualifying articles were scored according to whether each dietary parameter increased (+1), decreased (-1) or had no (0) effect on six inflammatory biomarkers: IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and C-reactive protein.
The Dietary Inflammatory Index Development Study was conducted in the Cancer Prevention and Control Program of the University of South Carolina in Columbia, SC, USA from 2011 to 2012.
A total of ≈6500 articles published through December 2010 on the effect of dietary parameters on the six inflammatory markers were screened for inclusion in the DII scoring algorithm. Eleven food consumption data sets from countries around the world were identified that allowed individuals' intakes to be expressed relative to the range of intakes of the forty-five food parameters observed across these diverse populations. Qualifying articles (n 1943) were read and scored based on the forty-five pro- and anti-inflammatory food parameters identified in the search. When fit to this composite global database, the DII score of the maximally pro-inflammatory diet was +7·98, the maximally anti-inflammatory DII score was -8·87 and the median was +0·23.
The DII reflects both a robust literature base and standardization of individual intakes to global referent values. The success of this first-of-a-kind attempt at relating intakes of inflammation-modulating foods relative to global norms sets the stage for use of the DII in a wide variety of epidemiological and clinical studies.
Journal Article
The Rough Guide to South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland
The Rough Guide to South Africa is the definitive guide to one of the world's most fascinating and varied countries. Discover the best the country has to offer with stunning photography, extensive maps, comprehensive listings and detailed practical information. With accommodation listings that range from the most sumptuous safari lodges to cheap and cheerful backpacker lodges in stunning coastal positions, there's something for every budget. In-depth coverage on South Africa's many nature reserves is complemented by an illustrated wildlife guide, to help you make the most of your time on safari. Whether you want to explore the country's big sights - from the wilds of Kruger National Park and the best spots for whale watching to Cape Town's vibrant dining scene - or to uncover its many hidden gems, such as the dramatic desert scenery of the Richtersveld, The Rough Guide to South Africa is your indispensible travelling companion. Make the most of your time on Earth[trademark] with The Rough Guide to South Africa.
Book
What Is Intelligence?
The 'Flynn effect' refers to the massive increase in IQ test scores over the course of the twentieth century. Does it mean that each generation is more intelligent than the last? Does it suggest how each of us can enhance our own intelligence? Professor Flynn is finally ready to give his own views. He asks what intelligence really is and gives a surprising and illuminating answer. This expanded paperback edition includes three important new essays. The first contrasts the art of writing cognitive history with the science of measuring intelligence and reports data. The second outlines how we might get a complete theory of intelligence, and the third details Flynn's reservations about Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. A fascinating book that bridges the gulf separating our minds from those of our ancestors a century ago, and makes an important contribution to our understanding of human intelligence.
eBook
Conduct Disorder and Callous–Unemotional Traits in Youth
Children with repetitive rule-breaking, aggression, and disregard for others are at increased risk for substance abuse, educational disruption, and criminal behavior. Progress is being made toward understanding the clinical and neurocognitive features of callous youth.
The term “conduct problems” refers to a pattern of repetitive rule-breaking behavior, aggression, and disregard for others. Such problems have received increased attention recently, owing to violent events perpetrated by youth and modifications in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM) criteria for conduct disorder, a syndrome involving recurrent conduct problems in children and adolescents. Youth conduct problems are predictive of an increased risk of substance abuse, criminal behavior, and educational disruption
1
; they also incur a considerable societal burden from interpersonal suffering and financial costs.
2
This review summarizes current data on youth conduct problems and highlights promising . . .
Journal Article
In search of synergy in small group performance
\"This volume critically evaluates more than a century of empirical research on the effectiveness of small, task-performing groups, and offers a fresh look at the costs and benefits of collaborative work arrangements. The central question taken up by this book is whether - and under what conditions - interaction among group members leads to better performance than would otherwise be achieved simply by combining the separate efforts of an equal number of people who work independently. This question is considered with respect to a range of tasks (idea-generation, problem solving, judgment, and decision-making) and from several different process perspectives (learning and memory, motivation, and member diversity).\" \"As a framework for assessing the empirical literature, the book introduces the concept of 'synergy'. Synergy refers to an objective gain in performance that is attributable to group interaction. Further, it distinguishes between weak and strong synergy, which are performance gains of different magnitude. The book highlights the currently available empirical evidence for both weak and strong synergy, identifies the conditions that seem necessary to produce each, and suggests where the search for synergy might best be directed in the future.\" \"The book is at once a high-level introduction to the field, a review of the field's history, and a scholarly critique of the current state-of-the-art. As such, it is essential reading for graduate students, advanced undergraduate students, and researchers interested in group dynamics generally - and small group performance in particular.\"--BOOK JACKET.
Book
A population-based dietary inflammatory index predicts levels of C-reactive protein in the Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Study (SEASONS)
To perform construct validation of the population-based Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) using dietary data from two different dietary assessments and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as the construct validator.
Using data derived from (i) three 24 h dietary recalls (24HR) at baseline and at the end of each subsequent quarter (i.e. up to fifteen over a year) and (ii) a 7 d dietary recall (7DDR) measured at baseline and then quarterly, regression analyses were conducted to test the effect of the DII score on serum hs-CRP as dichotomous (≤3 mg/l, >3 mg/l), while controlling for important potential confounders.
Existing data from the Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Study (SEASONS), a longitudinal observational study of healthy participants recruited in Worcester, MA, USA and participants were followed for 1 year.
Participants who had at least one hs-CRP measurement over her/his 1-year participation (n 495 for 24HR, n 559 for 7DDR).
Higher DII scores were associated with values of hs-CRP >3 mg/l (OR = 1·08; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·16, P = 0·035 for the 24HR; and OR = 1·10; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·19, P = 0·015 for the 7DDR).
The population-based DII was associated with interval changes in hs-CRP using both the 24HR and 7DDR. The success of this first-of-a-kind attempt at relating individuals' intakes of inflammation-modulating foods using this refined DII, and the finding that there is virtually no drop-off in predictive capability using a structured questionnaire in comparison to the 24HR standard, sets the stage for use of the DII in a wide variety of other epidemiological and clinical studies.
Journal Article