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This research improves IoT attack classification by introducing a bias-aware dataset refinement strategy that eliminates IP- and port-based identifiers and applies a domain-guided hybrid feature selection framework to derive a lightweight and generalizable feature set. Motivated by the need for intrusion detection models that generalize beyond predefined network configurations, this study focuses on behavior-driven network features that enable more realistic attack categorization in IoT environments. Wrapper-based feature selection methods, including forward selection, backward elimination, and genetic algorithms, identify five optimal features. To assess the robustness of the selected feature subset, both simple classifiers (Decision Tree and KNN) and ensemble learning models, including Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, Bagging, and Voting Ensemble, are evaluated under binary and multi-class settings. Using the proposed reduced feature set, the Decision Tree classifier achieved an accuracy of 0.986 for binary classification and 0.972 for multi-class attack classification, while the K-Nearest Neighbor classifier consistently achieved an accuracy of 0.972 for both binary and multi-class scenarios, while ensemble models yield only marginal performance improvements. Evaluation using precision, recall, F1-score, confusion matrices, and Cohen’s Kappa confirms that the discriminative power primarily arises from the selected feature subset rather than classifier complexity. These results demonstrate that effective feature selection enables lightweight models to achieve competitive intrusion detection performance suitable for real-world IoT deployments.

Purpose: To compare the anxiety levels related to visual field testing and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with glaucoma. Methods: This prospective, comparative study was conducted on patients with glaucoma. The participants' anxiety traits were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]. Before visual field testing on Humphrey visual field analyzer (HVF) and retinal nerve fiber analysis on OCT, the participants completed Form Y1 to measure the current pretest level or 'State' anxiety [pretest anxiety]. Immediately after testing, participants were administered the Form Y1 questionnaire to assess the induced anxiety level during the testing [Intratest anxiety]. Results: A total of 228 patients were enrolled with 152 participants in the HVF group and 76 in the OCT group. The mean age of the participants in the HVF group was 57.2 ± 20.8 years and in the OCT group was 56.8 ± 20 years. There was no significant difference in trait and pretest anxiety between the HVF group and the OCT group (P = 0.971 and P = 0.716). Intratest test anxiety score was slightly higher in the HVF group (HVF: 42.13 ± 10.63, OCT: 40.71 ± 9.76; P = 0.33). The anxiety scores were higher when the experience of previous HVF tests was <2 and least when the number of tests exceeded five. Conclusion: Automated perimetry induces slightly more anxiety than OCT, which may affect test performance. The measured anxiety reduces as patients gain familiarity with the test with experience. This adds credence to the recommendation of more frequent visual field testing in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients.

The maintenance of people’s lifestyle against global climate change, exhaustion of groundwater, depletion of minerals, and water scarcity has instigated the recycling and reuse of water from unlikely sources. This situation has motivated researchers to develop effective technologies for treating wastewater, enabling its reuse. Water security has been ensured in myriad, highly populated regions through large-scale centralized treatment facilities. The development and implementation of small-scale, renewable-energy-based, decentralized, on-site treatment methodologies ensure water sustainability in rural areas, where centralized treatment facilities are impractical for application. This review article focuses on the recently reported low-cost purification techniques for recycling wastewater generated by single and community-based households in sparsely populated areas. Here we propose treatment technologies for efficient waste management that can be easily integrated in the upcoming years to the lavatories built under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), a momentous cleanliness campaign that has been successfully implemented by the Government of India (GOI). Specifically, we suggest an electrochemical (EC) method to treat the supernatant of the Blackwater (BW) to produce purified non-potable water for reuse in diverse purposes. The EC technique does not require external chemicals for treatment and can be powered by sustainable technologies (like solar panels), thus reducing the treatment cost. Subsequently, vermicomposting, microwave, biogas, and phycoremediation methods are considered to treat the solid sludge to produce value-added products such as enriched organic fertilizer for agriculture and biofuel. The above methods also ensure the satisfactory reduction in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (>85%) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (81–91%) and the complete removal of pathogens and other harmful pollutants. Finally, the novel treatment techniques discussed here are not only limited to rural areas of India but can be implemented in any rural area of the world.

Due to urbanization and migration of population to the urban areas are increasing predominantly, the infrastructure development in the available problematic soil is becoming a core importance. The purpose of this study is to improve the strength and durability of the expansive soil, this also an attempt the effect of modified soil by adding calcined clay to the problematic soil on its mechanical properties and strength performances when subjected to freezing and thawing (F–T) action. A series of laboratory tests were done on the untreated and optimum percentage (8%) of calcined clay (CC) treated soil for the sample prepared with optimum moisture content and maximum dry density from standard proctor compaction test. The freezing thawing tests were performed for all the samples from 1 to 15 cycles and the effects were evaluated by analyzing the unconfined compressive strength. The stress–strain characteristics of the untreated and treated soil under 0, 1, 5, 10 and 15th freeze, and thaw indicated an increase in the strength and stiffness for the treated samples with reference to the untreated soil. Unconfined compressive strength decreases around 50%, when compared to its original strength of untreated soil, however, there is no decrease in strength of soil treated with 8% calcined clay after 13th cycle. It was also observed that the durability index of the untreated soil decreases with respect to the number of F–T cycle whereas for the 8% CC treated soil slowly decreases at the beginning and starts to increase from 5th cycle of (F–T) process. The results obtained from the study proves that the calcined clay modified soil samples shows increase in strength of soil by 103%.

Objective Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a multifactorial disease that is classified into muscular and joint disorders. The etiology of TMD is unknown but it is related to various factors such as bruxism, uncorrected high dental restorations, and occlusal prematurities. This study aims to provide treatment modalities for TMD patients with supraerupted and/or distoverted maxillary third molars that have premature contact with the opposing arch. Methods A total of 430 subjects diagnosed with TMD were included in the study and randomized into study and control groups based on their treatment needs. A detailed case history was taken, and findings of intra and extra oral examination were recorded along with other investigations such as study model analysis, orthopantomogram (OPG), cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and MRI. The multiphase treatment included counseling in phase I, extraction in phase II (only for the study group), and oral appliance in the third phase. The final phase involved the restoration of edentulous areas or reduced vertical dimension. Results Extraction of supraerupted and/or distoverted maxillary third molars in the study group during phase II showed a 96% reduction in TMD when compared to the control group who did not undergo extraction. Conclusion TMD is a repetitive motion disorder, and the success of treatment relies on the elimination of causative factors, the type of appliance used, and the establishment of ideal occlusion. This study suggests that the extraction of supraerupted and/or distoverted maxillary third molars is a prerequisite for treating TMD patients.

ABSTRACT Malignant and potentially malignant epithelial lesions are often associated with various abnormalities such as epithelial dysplasia, abnormal DNA content, loss of heterozygosity, and chromosomal number aberrations. Screening and early detection of such abnormalities facilitates proper care and also helps to prevent further progression of potentially malignant lesions to malignancy. In such way, the presence of DNA aneuploidy in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) may serve as an indicator for the malignant transforming potential. Various assessment methods have been proposed to find the DNA ploidy status of cells. This current systematic review is mainly designed to assess the importance of ploidy status in OPMD while measuring the feasibility of using this biomarker for evaluating the hazard of malignant transformation. As an upshot of this systematic review, we can conclude that use of DNA ploidy status can serve as an independent bio-marker for predicting the malignant transformation of lesions. Furthermore, as a future scope the use of DNA ploidy analysis in normal mucosa of smokers will help to assess the malignancy risk and this technique might also help to predict the genetic predisposition of patients with malignancy.

Performance of green treatment systems such as adsorption to treat textile effluents often suffers lack of longevity and efficiency due to the presence of complex compounds of varying reactivity. There is scope for improving the operational efficiency of such processes using real-time monitoring systems. The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of an activated biosorbent prepared from the leaves of Acalypha indica for treating textile industry effluent by simulating process control with real-time monitoring. Batch experiments were performed with synthetic and real-time dye effluents to identify the optimum conditions (pH = 3.0, dosage = 1.0 g/L; time = 1 h) for the highest adsorption capacity (6 mg g−1 and 2 mg g−1). The evaluation of physical parameters suggested best fit for Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The LabVIEW-based simulation control system enabled close monitoring of pH and temperature during the process. Based on the inputs, an alteration of initial pH has resulted in substantial reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) (73.91%), turbidity (52.43%) and total dissolved solids (TDS) (19.43%). The average incremental increase was highest for COD (45.80 ± 0.06%) compared to TDS (10.13 ± 0.06%) and turbidity (−1.74 ± 0.03%) for varying dosage (3 g to 11 g). The proposed framework for incorporating a process-control-based monitoring system can help to achieve better performance.

Secure and efficient group communication among mobile nodes is one of the significant aspects in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The group key management (GKM) is a well established cryptographic technique to authorise and to maintain group key in a multicast communication, through secured channels. In a secure group communication, a one-time session key is required to be shared between the participants by using distributed group key agreement (GKA) schemes. Due to the resource constraints of ad hoc networks, the security protocols should be communication efficient with less overhead as possible. The GKM solutions from various researches lacks in considering the mobility features of ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose a hexagonal clustered one round distributed group key agreement scheme with trust (HT-DGKA) in a public key infrastructure based MANET environment. The proposed HT-DGKA scheme guarantees an access control with key authentication and secrecy. The performance of HT-DGKA is evaluated by simulation analysis in terms of key agreement time and overhead for different number of nodes. Simulation results reveal that the proposed scheme guarantees better performance to secure mobile ad hoc network. It is demonstrated that the proposed scheme possesses a maximum of 2250 ms of key agreement time for the higher node velocity of 25 m/s and lower key agreement overhead. Also, the HT-DGKA scheme outperforms the existing schemes in terms of successful message rate, packet delivery ratio, level of security, computation complexity, number of round, number of exponentiations and number of message sent and received that contribute to the network performance.

This study is focused on the application of activated carbon nanoadsorbent derived from Ocimum basilicum Linn (sweet basil) leaves for the removal of methyl orange dye from an aqueous solution. The Ocimum basilicum Linn leaves are dried, powdered, cured with H2SO4, and thermally treated to form an activated carbon biosorbent. Sorbent characterization studies like scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have revealed the adsorption of the methyl orange dye from their aqueous solution in the batch mode process. The biosorbent has shown a maximum adsorption capacity of 1.54 mg g−1 at 10 mg l−1 concentration, 1.2 g sorbent dosage, pH of 3, contact time of 180 min, and pHpzc at 3.9. Experimental results are analyzed using equilibrium models and it is found that the Langmuir isotherm model and kinetic model fit well and also the results have corresponded well with pseudo-first order. The intraparticle diffusion (IPD) mechanism has shown that pore diffusion occurs at a slower rate. The Elovich model has displayed that adsorption is affected by film diffusion. From the statistical optimization studies, it is demonstrated that Box–Behnken model can correlate the good agreement between experimental and predicted values. The highest adsorption capacity for the nanoadsorbent was found using quadrate models and optimizing the variables at a time of 237 min, initial dye concentration of 5.31 mg l−1, adsorbent dose of 1.22 g, and pH of 4.23.