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Printed electronics (PE) present a promising alternative to conventional photolithography by enabling rapid prototyping with reduced costs, material waste, and enhanced design flexibility and advantages, particularly relevant for high-frequency microwave applications. This study presents the design, fabrication, and evaluation of two microstrip low-pass filters (LPFs) with cutoff frequencies of 2.60 GHz and 3.55 GHz serving as representative components for microwave circuits, using three additive manufacturing techniques: Direct-Write (DW), Screen Printing (SP), and Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP). Over 60 filter samples were fabricated and measured to systematically assess performance across different printing methods. The LPFs were designed and analyzed through electromagnetic simulations, complemented by an LC equivalent circuit model based on actual device dimensions to better understand their behavior. Measured frequency responses showed strong agreement with simulations, validating the effectiveness of all three printing methods. Each technique demonstrated unique trade-offs between resolution, fabrication complexity, and electrical performance, emphasizing the need to tailor method selection to specific application requirements. This paper offers valuable insights into the design, analysis, and fabrication of RF and microwave circuits using printed electronics, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each technique. It serves as a practical guide for researchers in selecting suitable methods for high-frequency applications.

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the Mucosal Emergence Angle (MEA) with peri‐implant tissue mucositis. Material and Methods Forty‐seven patients with 103 posterior bone level implants underwent clinical and radiographic examination. Three‐dimensional data from Cone Bean Computer Tomography and Optica Scan were transposed. Three angles were defined: MEA, Deep Angle (DA) and Total Angle (TA) and measured at six sites for each implant. Results There was a significant correlation between MEA and Bleeding on Probing for all sites with an overall odds ratio of odd ratio 1.07 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.09, p < 0.001). Sites with MEA ≥ 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, and 70° had a higher risk for bleeding with an odds ratio of 3.1, 5, 7.5, 11.4 and 33.55, respectively. When all 6 sites of an implant prostheses had MEA ≥ 40°, the risk of having bleeding at all 6 sites was 9.5 times higher (95% CI 1.70–52.97, p = 0.010). Conclusions Maintaining MEA no wider than 30°−40° is advisable, while the aim should be to keep this angle as narrow as clinically feasible. Registered in Thai Clinical Trials Registry: http://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20220204002.

Being natural plant antimicrobials, saponins have potential for use as biopesticides. Nevertheless, their activity in plant-pathogen interaction is poorly understood. We performed a comparative study of saponins' antifungal activities on important crop pathogens based on their effective dose (EC ) values. Among those saponins tested, aescin showed itself to be the strongest antifungal agent. The antifungal effect of aescin could be reversed by ergosterol, thus suggesting that aescin interferes with fungal sterols. We tested the effect of aescin on plant-pathogen interaction in two different pathosystems: versus (fungus) and versus (bacterium) pv DC3000 ( DC3000). We analyzed resistance assays, defense gene transcription, phytohormonal production, and reactive oxygen species production. Aescin activated defense through induction of the salicylic acid pathway and oxidative burst. This defense response led finally to highly efficient plant protection against that was comparable to the effect of fungicides. Aescin also inhibited colonization of by DC3000, the effect being based on active elicitation of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent immune mechanisms and without any direct antibacterial effect detected. Therefore, this study brings the first report on the ability of saponins to trigger plant immune responses. Taken together, aescin in addition to its antifungal properties activates plant immunity in two different plant species and provides SA-dependent resistance against both fungal and bacterial pathogens.

Objectives Recent research has suggested the contour of the prosthesis and the vertical height of the peri‐implant mucosa as important parameters that can influence the long term health and stability of the peri‐implant tissue. In particular, overcontouring of the prosthesis has been correlated with an increased risk for peri‐implantitis, while reduced soft tissue height has been associated with marginal bone loss, recession, and other soft tissue complications. Although these two parameters have been investigated as independent in the current literature, clinical experience points toward a close interrelation between transmucosal tissue height and prosthesis contour angle. It is often found that a reduced vertical height of the implant supracrestal complex is the main reason for overcontouring of the prosthesis. At the same time, achieving a favorable contour of 30o or less is not possible unless the clinician has ensured an adequate vertical height of the soft tissue. The purpose of this short communication is to establish the relation between tissue vertical height and prosthesis contour by utilizing a theoretical geometry equation based on the Pythagorean theorem. In doing so, one can use the dimensions of the implant as well as those of the prosthesis at the mucosal margin to calculate the essential vertical height for achieving a favorable prosthesis contour. Conclusions As the treatment plan of the implant supracrestal complex is “top‐down,” in case of deficient vertical height, subcrestal placement of the implant should be considered to achieve a proper prosthesis contour.

Objectives The primary aim of this cross‐sectional study was to investigate the association between prosthesis design and peri‐implant mucosa dimensions and morphology. The secondary aim was to investigate associations between mucosal dimensions and the presence of mucositis. Materials and Methods Forty‐seven patients with 103 posterior bone level implants underwent clinical and radiographic examination, including cone beam computer tomography and intraoral optical scanning. Three‐dimensional models for each implant and peri‐implant mucosa were constructed. Vertical mucosa height (TH), horizontal mucosa width at implant platform (TW), and 1.5 mm coronal of the platform (TW1.5), as well as mucosal emergence angle (MEA), deep angle (DA), and total contour angle (TA) were measured at six sites for each implant. Results There was a consistent correlation between peri‐implant mucosa width and height (β = 0.217, p < 0.001), with the width consistently surpassing height by a factor of 1.4–2.1. All three angles (MEA, DA, TA) were negatively associated with mucosa height (p < 0.001), while DA was negatively associated with mucosa width (TW1.5) (p < 0.001, β = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.03, −0.01). There was a significant negative association between bleeding on probing (BoP) and mucosa width at platform (OR 0.903, 95% CI: 0.818–0.997, p = 0.043) and 1.5 coronal (OR 0.877, 95% CI: 0.778–0.989, p = 0.033). Implants with less than half sites positive for BoP (0–2/6) had significantly higher mucosa height (OR 3.51, 95% CI: 1.72–7.14, p = 0.001). Conclusions Prosthesis design can influence the dimensions of the peri‐implant mucosa, with wider emergence profile angles associated with reduced peri‐implant mucosa height. In particular, a wider deep angle is associated with reduced mucosa width in posterior sites. Reduced peri‐implant mucosa height and width are associated with more signs of inflammation. Trial Registration Registered in Thai Clinical Trials Registry: http://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20220204002.

Vesiculation is a process employed by Gram-negative bacteria to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment. EVs from pathogenic bacteria play functions in host immune modulation, elimination of host defenses, and acquisition of nutrients from the host. Here, we observed EV production of the bacterial speck disease causal agent, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato ( Pto ) DC3000, as outer membrane vesicle release. Mass spectrometry identified 369 proteins enriched in Pto DC3000 EVs. The EV samples contained known immunomodulatory proteins and could induce plant immune responses mediated by bacterial flagellin. Having identified two biomarkers for EV detection, we provide evidence for Pto DC3000 releasing EVs during plant infection. Bioinformatic analysis of the EV-enriched proteins suggests a role for EVs in antibiotic defense and iron acquisition. Thus, our data provide insights into the strategies this pathogen may use to develop in a plant environment. The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment is ubiquitous among bacteria. Vesiculation has been recognized as an important mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis and human disease but is poorly understood in phytopathogenic bacteria. Our research addresses the role of bacterial EVs in plant infection. In this work, we show that the causal agent of bacterial speck disease, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato , produces EVs during plant infection. Our data suggest that EVs may help the bacteria to adapt to environments, e.g., when iron could be limiting such as the plant apoplast, laying the foundation for studying the factors that phytopathogenic bacteria use to thrive in the plant environment.

Selected beneficial Pseudomonas spp. strains have the ability to influence root architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana by inhibiting primary root elongation and promoting lateral root and root hair formation. A crucial role for auxin in this long-term (1week), long-distance plant-microbe interaction has been demonstrated. Arabidopsis seedlings were cultivated in vitro on vertical plates and inoculated with pathogenic strains Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), as well as Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Atu) and Escherichia coli (Eco). Root hair lengths were measured after 24 and 48h of direct exposure to each bacterial strain. Several Arabidopsis mutants with impaired responses to pathogens, impaired ethylene perception and defects in the exocyst vesicle tethering complex that is involved in secretion were also analysed. Arabidopsis seedling roots infected with Psm or Pst responded similarly to when infected with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; root hair growth was stimulated and primary root growth was inhibited. Other plant- and soil-adapted bacteria induced similar root hair responses. The most compromised root hair growth stimulation response was found for the knockout mutants exo70A1 and ein2. The single immune pathways dependent on salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and PAD4 are not directly involved in root hair growth stimulation; however, in the mutual cross-talk with ethylene, they indirectly modify the extent of the stimulation of root hair growth. The Flg22 peptide does not initiate root hair stimulation as intact bacteria do, but pretreatment with Flg22 prior to Psm inoculation abolished root hair growth stimulation in an FLS2 receptor kinase-dependent manner. These early response phenomena are not associated with changes in auxin levels, as monitored with the pDR5::GUS auxin reporter. Early stimulation of root hair growth is an effect of an unidentified component of living plant pathogenic bacteria. The root hair growth response is triggered in the range of hours after bacterial contact with roots and can be modulated by FLS2 signalling. Bacterial stimulation of root hair growth requires functional ethylene signalling and an efficient exocyst-dependent secretory machinery.

Phospholipids have recently been found to be integral elements of hormone signalling pathways. An Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant in two type III phosphatidylinositol‐4‐kinases (PI4Ks), pi4kIIIβ1β2, displays a stunted rosette growth. The causal link between PI4K activity and growth is unknown. Using microarray analysis, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and multiple phytohormone analysis by LC‐MS we investigated the mechanism responsible for the pi4kIIIβ1β2 phenotype. The pi4kIIIβ1β2 mutant accumulated a high concentration of salicylic acid (SA), constitutively expressed SA marker genes including PR‐1, and was more resistant to Pseudomonas syringae. pi4kIIIβ1β2 was crossed with SA signalling mutants eds1 and npr1 and SA biosynthesis mutant sid2 and NahG. The dwarf phenotype of pi4kIIIβ1β2 rosettes was suppressed in all four triple mutants. Whereas eds1 pi4kIIIβ1β2, sid2 pi4kIIIβ1β2 and NahG pi4kIIIβ1β2 had similar amounts of SA as the wild‐type (WT), npr1pi4kIIIβ1β2 had more SA than pi4kIIIβ1β2 despite being less dwarfed. This indicates that PI4KIIIβ1 and PI4KIIIβ2 are genetically upstream of EDS1 and need functional SA biosynthesis and perception through NPR1 to express the dwarf phenotype. The slow root growth phenotype of pi4kIIIβ1β2 was not suppressed in any of the triple mutants. The pi4kIIIβ1β2 mutations together cause constitutive activation of SA signalling that is responsible for the dwarf rosette phenotype but not for the short root phenotype.

Arabidopsis flotillin 2 (At5g25260) belongs to the group of plant flotillins, which are not well characterized. In contrast, metazoan flotillins are well known as plasma membrane proteins associated with membrane microdomains that act as a signaling hub. The similarity of plant and metazoan flotillins, whose functions most likely consist of affecting other proteins via protein-protein interactions, determines the necessity of detecting their interacting partners in plants. Nevertheless, identifying the proteins that form complexes on the plasma membrane is a challenging task due to their low abundance and hydrophobic character. Here we present an approach for mapping flotillin 2 plasma membrane interactors, based on the immunoaffinity purification of crosslinked and enriched plasma membrane proteins with mass spectrometry detection. Using this approach, 61 proteins were enriched in the plasma membrane fraction, and 19 of them were proposed to be flotillin 2 interaction partners. Among our proposed partners of Flot2, proteins playing a role in the plant response to various biotic and abiotic stresses were detected. Additionally, the use of the split-ubiquitin yeast system helped us to confirm that plasma-membrane ATPase 1, early-responsive to dehydration stress protein 4, syntaxin-71, harpin-induced protein-like 3, hypersensitive-induced response protein 2 and two aquaporin isoforms interact with flotillin 2 directly. Based on the results of our study and the reported properties of Flot2 interactors, we propose that Flot2 complexes may be involved in plant-pathogen interactions, water transport and intracellular trafficking.

Current research has identified features of the prosthetic design with potential to significantly impact the long-term health of peri-implant tissues, while the choice of prosthetic components is also shown to be critical in an effort to reduce long-term complications of implant therapy. Overcontouring of the prosthesis emergence profile has been associated with marginal bone loss, recession and peri-implantitis, while the mucosal emergence angle is shown to have a strong association with peri-implant tissue inflammation. Further elements of interest include convexity/concavity of the restoration, the prosthetic connection and the different geometric configurations of junctions, as well as the peri-implant tissue dimensions. With regards to implant components, the choice between original and third-party-manufactured components might come with implications, as differences in material and microgeometry might impact precision of fit and overall performance, potentially leading to complications. Scrutiny of the specifications and manufacturing is essential when third-party-manufactured components are considered. The aim of this narrative review was to summarise the current evidence with regards to the restorative features of the implant prosthesis and also the selection of prosthetic components which can have implications for the long-term success of the implant therapy. Furthermore, the review aimed at interpretating current scientific evidence into meaningful strategies and recommendations to implement in clinical practice of implant dentistry. Key points Certain design elements of the contour of implant prostheses have been associated with mucositis, peri-implantitis, early marginal bone loss and recession. Avoiding convex and overcontoured prostheses near the bone level, as well as at the mucosal margin, can help decrease the risk for long-term complications and inflammation. The decision to use non-original components involves a trade-off between cost savings and increased risks associated with performance and longevity. The use of original components is recommended for optimal long-term success in dental implant treatments. While non-original components may offer cost reductions, their use raises concerns about compatibility issues, improper fit, and compromised stability, potentially leading to mechanical complications and a higher risk of adverse outcomes compared to original components. The selection between original and non-original dental implant components can involve visible macroscopic differences, such as length and engagement, as well as critical microscopic variations, impacting fit and precision, even when not visually apparent.