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The post-column reaction method enables the evaluation of the antiradical capacity of individual components in a mixture by separating the components using HPLC and measuring stable free radical (e.g., DPPH●) scavenging that occurs after the chromatography column. The equipment typically consists of two detectors. The first records signals of the analytes leaving the column. The second records radical scavenging by the analytes, which appears as a negative band. The recorded signals are found on two separate chromatograms, which must be combined to interpret the results. In this study, a single DAD detector was used behind the post-column reactor, enabling the simultaneous recording of the analyte bands and negative signals, indicating radical scavenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiradical capacity of key compounds found in two herbal raw materials used in traditional Chinese medicine. Saposhnikovia divaricata roots contain phenolic acids, chromones, and furanocoumarins. Chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, and imperatorin demonstrated strong radical scavenging, while prim-O-glucoslocimifugin showed a weaker response, both in standards and in root extracts. However, scavenging was not observed for cimifugin and 4′-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol. Astragalus mongholicus roots contain astragalosides I-IV (triterpene saponins). None of these showed DPPH● scavenging. Furthermore, additional signals were observed, indicating the presence of unidentified radical scavenging compounds.

This article presents a critical mini-review of research conducted on bioelectrochemical reactors with emphasis placed on microbial fuel cells (MFC) and microbial electrolysis cells (MEC). The principle of operation and typical constructions of MFCs and MECs were presented. The types of anodes and cathodes, ion-selective membranes and microorganisms used were discussed along with their limitations.

This article reviews rotational seismology, considering different areas of interest, as well as measuring devices used for rotational events investigations. After a short theoretical description defining the fundamental parameters, the authors summarized data published in the literature in areas such as the indirect numerical investigation of rotational effects, rotation measured during earthquakes, teleseismic wave investigation, rotation induced by artificial explosions, and mining activity. The fundamental data on the measured rotation parameters and devices used for the recording are summarized and compared for the above areas. In the section on recording the rotational effects associated with artificial explosions and mining activities, the authors included results recorded by a rotational seismograph of their construction—FOSREM (fibre-optic system for rotational events and phenomena monitoring). FOSREM has a broad range of capabilities to measure rotation rates, from several dozen nrad/s to 10 rad/. It can be controlled remotely and operated autonomously for a long time. It is a useful tool for systematic seismological investigations in various places. The report concludes with a short discussion of the importance of rotational seismology and the great need to obtain experimental data in this field.

Starting with descriptions of rotational seismology, areas of interest and historical field measurements, the fundamental requirements for rotational seismometers for seismological and engineering application are formulated. On the above basis, a review of all existing rotational seismometers is presented with a description of the principles of their operation as well as possibilities to fulfill formulated requirements. This review includes mechanical, acoustical, electrochemical and optical devices and shows that the last of these types are the most promising. It is shown that optical rotational seismometer based on the ring-laser gyroscope concept is the best for seismological applications, whereas systems based on fiber-optic gyroscopes demonstrate parameters which are also required for engineering applications. Laboratory results of the Fibre-Optic System for Rotational Events & Phenomena Monitoring using a small 1-D shaking table modified to generate rotational excitations are presented. The harmonic and time-history tests demonstrate its usefulness for recording rotational motions with rates up to 0.25 rad/s.

The paper presents historical perspective of fibre-optic seismographs designed and constructed at the Institute of Applied Physics at Military University of Technology, Poland based on the so-called minimum configuration of fibre-optic gyroscope. The briefly presented history, which originated in the 1998 by the system named GS-13P, laid solid foundations for the construction of a three-axis fibre-optic seismograph. The presented system meets all technical requirements of rotational seismology in terms of measurement parameters (measuring range from 10−8 rad/s to several rad/s and frequency from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz) and utility features (mobility, autonomy, power independence, environmental stability). The presented device provides universal application both for research in engineering applications (high buildings, chimneys, wind towers) as well as in seismological research.

Green infrastructure and nature-based solutions (NBSs) are, especially in urban areas, one of the key elements in building a friendly living environment that contributes to healthy longevity. This paper presents a novel method for assessing the accessibility of recreational urban green space (RUGS) at the level of individual residential buildings. We designed and piloted a new total accessible recreational urban green space area (TARUGS) index, based on real pedestrian network distances, considering spatial accessibility weighted by the total area of green space available within an approximate 15-min walk. Calculations were carried out individually for each residential building and each individual RUGS, using GIS technologies, including network analysis. The developed methodology allows for the detection of local inequalities in access to all city RUGSs. It enables the inclusion of additional socioeconomic variables in an in-depth spatial equity analysis. The RUGS accessibility ranking of buildings provides a practical tool to support urban intervention planning, as well as the design of solutions that respond to the real needs of residents and environmental challenges. Availability analyses were performed for 108,618 buildings and 146 RUGS. Areas with the highest and clearly insufficient access to RUGS in Warsaw were identified. Over 40,400 buildings were classified as having no access to RUGS (class 0), which accounts for 37% of all residential buildings, while 21,700 buildings were classified as having the best access (class 4), which accounts for 20% of all residential buildings. The districts of Wilanów and Włochy have the worst accessibility, while Wawer and Mokotów have the best. The proposed building-level methodology quantitatively reveals spatial inequalities in access to RUGS, enabling data-driven, equitable planning decisions while highlighting the need to integrate broader accessibility modes, subjective user experiences, and data improvements for a comprehensive assessment of spatial justice. The framework demonstrates how advanced geospatial data analysis, integrating GIS technologies, open data, and network-based innovative solutions, could enhance urban policy-making, improve the design of equitable public spaces, and support resilient land management strategies.

In the face of increasing security requirements, threat identification requires technology with uncompromising sensitivity and responsiveness. This article presents a sensor with enhanced sensitivity, designed to detect rotational ground movement. Its physical basis on the Sagnac effect provides an absolute measurement of rotation. From a geotechnical and engineering perspective, the configuration of several such sensors enables precise determination of the epicentral coordinates of seismic events and identification of local material degradation zones, where differences in signal transit time and amplitude between individual network nodes provide the basis for mapping discontinuities in the studied medium. The primary goal of the presented research was to verify the feasibility of creating an integrated sensor array capable of precisely monitoring a defined area. Using highly correlated sensors with time synchronization of the order of 10 ns we obtained signals from artificial disturbances. The time-of-arrival analysis of recorded sensor signals successfully demonstrated the ability to quickly determine the locations of explosions. The presented solution offers new perspectives for early warning systems, providing not only threat detection but also accurate spatial positioning of threats using highly sensitive rotational sensors.

The landscape-scale extinction of a tree species may have a negative impact on diversity of associated epiphytic species. We used ordination and hierarchical clustering methods to assess landscape and the community level effects of reduction in the abundance of European ash Fraxinus excelsior, caused by ash dieback, on the associated epiphytic lichen biota in Białowieża Forest (Poland)—the best preserved forest complex in Central Europe. At the landscape level ash decline impact on the biota of ash-associated epiphytic lichens was weak, due to the high diversity of tree species, which may serve as potential alternative hosts. At this level, oak and hornbeam are the most important alternative hosts, assuring the maintenance of ash-associated epiphytic lichens. Lime, alder, and hazel appeared to be less important but still may serve as substitute phorophytes to approximately 2/3 of the ash-associated lichen biota. About 90% of epiphytic biota are likely to survive on the landscape scale. However, at the community level of alder-ash floodplain forest, where ash was dominant, about 50% of ash-associated epiphytic lichen species are threatened by ash dieback. Our results highlight the importance of a spatial scale in conservation biology. Protection of large forest areas with rich diversity of phorophyte trees increases chances of survival of the associated epiphytic organisms.

Modern optoelectronic devices use the advantage of digital systems for data processing aimed at delivering reliable information. However, since commonly used DACs have limited accuracy, some artefacts can be observed in data streams, especially in systems designed for continuous, long-term process monitoring. In this paper, the authors’ experience with data enhancement using a fibre-optic rotational seismograph (FORS) operating in a closed-loop mode is presented and discussed. Generally, two kinds of enhancement are described. The first one uses suitable filtering techniques adequate for FORS noise investigation, as well as a suitable data resampling method for transmitted data file size reduction. The second one relates to the artefacts observed during data recording in real time. The recording starting point is triggered when the detected signal exceeds a middle signal level and, therefore, the existence of artefacts generally disturbs the recording process. Although the artefacts are easily recognised by human eyes even at first sight, their automatic elimination is not so easy. In this paper, the authors propose a new concept of signal filtering to solve the above problem.

The proper classification of the origins of food products is a crucial issue all over the world nowadays. In this paper, the authors present a device—a multispectral portable fibre-optic reflectometer and signal processing patch—together with a machine-learning algorithm for the classification of the origins of chicken eggshells in the case of Mycoplasma synoviae infection. The sensor device was developed based on previous studies with a continuous spectrum in transmittance and selected spectral lines in reflectance. In the described case, the sensor is based on the integration of reflected spectral data from short spectral bands from the VIS and NIR region, which are produced by single-colour LEDs and introduced to the sample via a fibre bundle. The measurement is carried out in a sequence, and the reflected signal is pre-processed to be put in the machine learning algorithm. The support vector machine algorithm is used together with three different types of data normalization. The obtained results of the F-score factor for classification of the origins of samples show that the percentages of eggs coming from Mycoplasma synoviae infected hens are up to 87% for white and 96% for brown eggshells.