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Rhizome extract of Bergenia ciliata was used as a bio-functional reducing material for the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). CuO NPs were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). XRD analysis revealed the monoclinic phase of synthesized CuO NPs with an average particle size of 20 nm. Spherical shaped nanoscale CuO particles were observed by EDX and SEM confirming the Cu and O presence in the synthesized NPs. CuO NPs showed antibacterial effects against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli , Salmonella typhi . The antioxidant effect was measured and IC 50 values for 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assays were found to be 91.2, 72.4 and 109 μg mL − 1 respectively. Under sunlight, the CuO NPs reported extraordinary photocatalytic activity against Methylene Blue and Methyl Red degradation with efficiencies of 92–85%. CuO NPs have excellent potential application for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and in the development of antibacterial materials. This study offers new insights in the field of inexpensive and green synthesis-based antimicrobial effective CuO photocatalysts from B. ciliata to remove harmful dyes from industrial-based waters with high degradation efficiency, which is environmentally friendly.

Magnesium nanoferrites are gaining a lot of scientific attention because of its magnificent dielectric characteristics such as large dielectric constant with minute dielectric losses, which make it suitable for potential applications such as high frequency, microwave devices, switching devices, power, magnetic storage devices, and many more. A series of manganese- and silver-substituted magnesium nanoferrites with the chemical composition Mg 1− y Mn y Ag x Fe 2− x O 4 (0.1 ≤  y  ≤ 0.4, 0.0 ≤  x  ≤ 0.3) were synthesized via sol–gel auto-combustion technique for reporting the electrical and dielectric study of synthesized specimens. In the present investigation, the dc resistivity ( ρ ) of prepared nanoferrites goes on decreasing as a function of Ag + and Mn 2+ concentrations extensively indicate its semi-conductor behavior. From the dielectric measurements, dielectric constant (∈′) increases with the increase in frequency, whereas the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ ) shows an inverse behavior with the increasing frequency, respectively. In relation with the dielectric investigations, AC conductivity ( σ ac ) shows similar behavior to that of dielectric constant. Therefore, such materials of high dielectric constant with minute dielectric losses make it suitable for the power application. Highlights Silver and manganese-doped magnesium nanoferrites were synthesized via sol–gel auto-combustion technique. Indicating semi-conductor behavior of synthesized samples. Dielectric constant (∈′) increases with very low dielectric losses (tan δ) which make it suitable for the power application.

Z-type nanohexaferrites has attracted substantial attention in the field of materials science especially in the research areas of high frequency and microwave devices applications due to their excellent magnetic properties in comparison with the spinel ferrites. A series of Ba 1.5 Sr 1.5 Co 2− x Y x Mn y Ni z Fe 24− y − z O 41 ( x  = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20; y  =  z  = 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00) Z-type hexaferrites were fabricated with the help of sol–gel auto-combustion method in order to achieve its better microstructural and magnetic properties. The crystallographic structure of prepared specimens was characterized by XRD which revealed the presence of Z-type single-phase hexagonal structure with some additional phases accompanied by P6 3 /mmc space group. The average particle size calculated by Scherrer formula was found to be in the range of 40–55 nm. The FTIR spectrum of synthesized specimens was observed in the range of 400–600 cm −1 which confirms our microstructural results to a great extent. From the M – H hysteresis loops, magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization ( M s ) (44.04–35.59 emu/g) and coercivity ( H c ) (42.3–248.96 Oe) were measured and it was observed that the synthesized specimens exhibit excellent characteristics of soft ferrite which make it suitable for the multilayer chip inductors, electromagnets, and magnetic storage devices applications. Highlights Successfully synthesized undoped and doped Ba–Sr Co 2 Z-type nanohexaferrites. The lattice parameters (a and c) show an increasing and decreasing behaviour. Diffraction spots in the SAED patterns are quite bright, justifying the crystalline nature of the synthesized samples. Room temperature M–H investigation ascribing the soft nature of synthesized specimens.

The current study focuses on the investigation of the effect of Cu 2+ doping on the structural, optical, magnetic, and dielectric measurements of solution combustion synthesized MnFe 2 O 4 nanoferrites with the use of different characterization techniques. XRD study reveals the creation of spinel cubic structure with no additional phases and from the XRD data, various structural parameters have been determined. For the detailed structural investigation of undoped and doped MnFe 2 O 4 nanoferrites, the cation distribution is derived from the XRD pattern data and magnetization approach. The increment in bond angles ( θ 1 , θ 2 , θ 5 ), suggests the strengthening of A–B and A–A exchange interactions, whereas a decrement in the bond angles ( θ 3 , θ 4 ) results in the weakening of B–B exchange interactions. In addition, with the rise of Cu 2+ dopants content, an enhancement in the coercivity (26.02–151.35 Oe) and retentivity (0.96–7.89 emu/g) is observed, whereas a decrement in the value of the saturation magnetization (17.71–42.78 emu/g) is found. From the dielectric measurements, with the increase in frequency, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent are observed to decrease. Thus, in this study, comparable better values of saturation magnetization, retentivity, and coercivity are obtained and will result in the use of undoped and doped MnFe 2 O 4 nanoferrites for electromagnets and multilayer chip inductors applications.

The widespread discharge of organic dyes into the wastewater from various industrial processes has develop a major environmental apprehension in the modern world. To tackle such environmental issues, we are synthesizing a novel catalyst of composition, Ba 1 − x Co x Dy y Fe 12−y O 19 (x = y = 0.02–0.06) using sol-gel auto-combustion (SGAC) for the photocatalytic eradication of malachite green dye (MGD). The fabricated sample show single-phase hexagonal structure. The hexagonal-shaped grains are seen in the field emission spectroscopy (FESEM) visuals of prepared hexaferrites. The oxidation states of every element present in the developed specimens are investigated using the X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometer scrutinized. The specific surface area (SSA) of the HF1 sample is 3.523 m 2 /g, whereas the band gap values of co-doped barium hexaferrites are found within the range of 1.61 to 1.75 eV. The magnetic analysis of developed hexaferrites indicates that increasing the concentration of Dy and Co, raised in the saturation magnetization and declines in coercivity. The conducted photocatalytic evaluations reveal that the removal efficiencies of 89.85%, 91.12%, and 94.36% are obtained for the prepared HF1, HF2, and HF3 hexaferrites after 90 min of natural irradiation. Moreover, the capability for the reusability of the synthesized hexaferrites is assessed over a series of five consecutive experimental cycles. As a result, this research delves at potential applications of co-doped BaFe 12 O 19 hexaferrites in the photocatalytic eradication of MGD for environmental applications.

Water pollution from the industrial dyes is a serious hazard to ecosystems, and addressing this issue is a significant challenge. To address these issues, we are fabricated BaDy x Fe 12−x O 19 (x = 0.02 to 0.06) by sol-gel auto-ignition (SGA) technique. Several characterizations were used to scrutinize the structural, optical, photocatalytic, and magnetic traits of the produced samples. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the sample revels the hexagonal crystal structure. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) of both samples reveal the existence of agglomerated grains showing hexagonal shapes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirm the oxidation state of every element present in the synthesized nanomaterials. The specific surface area was found to be 1.069 m 2 /g for BDF1 and 1.466 m 2 /g for BDF3. The band gap of the BDF1, BDF2, and BDF3 samples are found 2.16, 2.12, and 1.99 eV. The photocatalytic efficacy of the catalysts was examined by removal of the CR in natural light. A notable degradation efficiency of 89.29% are achieved by the BDF3 catalyst within 90 minutes under natural sunlight irradiation. The results demonstrate a straightforward and efficient approach for producing photocatalytic materials that are highly effective for the elimination of dye pollutants in wastewater treatment.

The industrial sector faces a significant challenge in finding the highly effective and efficient treatments for harmful dye-based color effluents. In this study, pure and cobalt doped barium hexaferrite of chemical formula, Ba 1-x Co x Fe 12 O 19 (x = 0—0.06) are made via sol–gel auto-combustion (SC) methodology. These nano hexaferrite based catalysts are employed for the photodegradation of Congo Red (CR) pollutant. X-rays diffraction investigation confirms the creation of pristine M-type with a hexagonal structure for the prepared hexaferrites. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis shows the existence of the hexagonal-shaped grains with well-defined grain boundaries. The reduction in the band gap of prepared hexaferrites are observed with the cobalt doping which is helpful in enhancing the photocatalytic performance. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examination verifies the oxidation states of all elements found in the fabricated specimens. From the photocatalytic measurements, it is observed that the CR dye attains the removal percentage of 87.90%, 90.73%, 91.86% and 94.88% for the BaFe 12 O 19 (x = 0.00), Ba 0.08 Co 0.02 Fe 12 O 19 (x = 0.02), Ba 0.06 Co 0.04 Fe 12 O 19 (x = 0.04), and Ba 0.04 Co 0.06 Fe 12 O 19 (x = 0.06) hexaferrites under the natural sunlight of two hours. In addition, the reusability potential of prepared hexaferrites is also studied over the six consecutive experimental cycles. The excellent photodegradation performance of the Co- doped barium M-type hexaferrites for the removal of CR dye makes them highly useful for the wastewater remediation.

Arsenic (III) ion contamination in water system is a significant and challenging global concern. In this study, agro-waste material, specifically Citrus pseudolimon peels (CP), was utilized as a precursor for the preparation of biochar (CPB). Furthermore, biochar-supported Fe₃O₄-Zn + Al layered double hydroxide (M-CPB/LDH) has been synthesized by simple co-precipitation method for the removal of noxious As (III) ions. The prepared composites undergone instrumental analysis including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and elemental mapping, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), thermo-gravimetric (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface areas (BET) of CPB and M-CPB/LDH composites were recorded to be 52.49 m²/g and 99.78 m²/g, respectively. The VSM analysis confirmed the ferromagnetic characteristics of M-CPB/LDH composites. The adsorption behavior of CPB, M-LDH and M-CPB/LDH composites was strongly depend on pH, with the maximum As (III) ion uptake recorded at pH 4.0. The sorption of As (III) ion were analyzed by isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic study. Experimental data obey the Langmuir model (R 2  = 0.97–0.99), indicating that As (III) ions exhibits the monolayer adsorption. The kinetic results directed that removal mechanism conformed to pseudo-second-order model, signifying the chemisorption play a major role. The maximum monolayer capacities of CPB, M-LDH and M-CPB/LDH composites for As (III) ions were recorded to be 575.10 mg/g, 624.34 mg/g and 721.34 mg/g, respectively. The maximum adsorption of 88.95%, 92.18%, and 96.76% were achieved for CPB, M-LDH and M-CPB/LDH composites, respectively, at 65 °C under optimal conditions, indicating a endothermic and thermodynamically favorable. Regeneration study demonstrated that adsorbents were effectively recovered using 0.01 mol/L HCl as the desorbing agent. After seven adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption remained at 78.19%, 83.13%, and 91.45% for CPB, M-LDH, and M-CPB/LDH composites, respectively. Finally, we summarize that synthesized M-CPB/LDH composite exhibited high efficiency, versatility and economical for As (III) ion removal, making it a promising material for wastewater treatment.

Nowadays, the operating principle of most of the experimental electromagnetic glucose sensors is based on the effect of an anomalous dispersion caused by a direct contact between an object under test and a two-dimensional metasurface. Due to the repeated uses, the metasurface will be subjected to a chemical attack over time. To avoid this problem, this work proposes a novel glucose sensor that is equipped with an interfacial dielectric layer of 0.254 mm thickness to separate the object under test and the metasurface. The results of our analysis suggest that, if the interfacial dielectric layer is sufficiently thin, there will be no shortage of sensitivity in the proposed sensor. Consistent with our theoretical prediction, the proposed sensor was found to resonate at 9–10 GHz, with its resonant frequency responding to the glucose concentration in a dose dependent manner. The correlation the resonant frequency shift and the glucose concentration was found to be highly linear over the clinical diabetic range with a sensitivity of 4 MHz/(mg dL −1 ). However, we could not obtain the same or similar sensitivity when the interfacial layer was substituted with a similar dielectric layer of 1 mm thick. Overall, the presence of the interfacial dielectric layer has not negatively impaired the sensing sensitivity of the glucose sensor if and only if its thickness was sufficiently small. This implication of this work can be advantageously used to tailor the future invivo glucose methodology or other health-care electronic devices.

The present work focuses on suggesting Gr as a valuable self-lubricating reinforcement for hybrid composite samples and offering a minimum wear rate for sliding pairs with fewer mechanical surface defects at the same time. A series of samples were fabricated using the route by stir casting method considering B 4 C and Gr as the two reinforcements. The morphology of the sample has been studied using the X-ray diffraction graphs, Energy dispersive X-ray analysis and Scanning electron imaging stating the homogeneity of reinforcement in various composite cast. The theoretical and experimental density of the series of samples has been studied and compared stating the low porosity of the samples fabricated. A maximum wear rate ( W r ) of 0.351 × 10 −4 mm 3 /m. was found for pure aluminium sample against EN31 steel disc with 0.053 as friction coefficient (µ). W r was somehow seen to reduce up to 0.286 × 10 −4 mm 3 /m for Al-B 4 C composite with µ of 0.48. For hybrid samples, the wear rate was further seen to improve to 0.187 × 10 −4 mm 3 /m for Al-B 4 C and Gr 2.0% weight with µ of 0.38. Least W r was found for composite having Gr 3.5% weight, of 0.149 × 10 −4 mm 3 /m. with µ of 0.36. SEM images of the worn surface give evident results for delamination and crack formation on the pin face for the pure-Al sample. Taguchi-ANOVA analysis has been carried out showing the valid contribution of pin type, load and sliding speed on W r and friction coefficient as the P-value lies below 0.05 for input parameters considering the 95% confidence level of the model developed. An F-value of 44.57 with R 2 of 0.895 is developed for W r model and an F-value of 54.2 with R 2 of 0.934 for the µ model.