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En este artículo trataremos el significado y alcance del trauma colectivo, así como las distintas propuestas que podrían ayudar a romper este tipo de círculos de abuso, tanto a nivel individual como colectivo, y hacernos aprender de la experiencia de aquellos que han tenido que soportar dichas condiciones hasta la fecha. Aportamos varios ejemplos de traumas colectivos hasta el momento, pero nos centramos en la crisis siria, puesto que supone el evento que ha causado el mayor desplazamiento de jóvenes y ha influido de manera más traumática en ellos desde la Nakba palestina. This paper will discuss the meaning of collective trauma and its effects to the world and what ways there might be to break that circle of abuse in the world on both an individual and collective level and how we could learn from the experience of others in regard of the biggest refugee crisis to date. We give some examples of collective trauma cases to the date, but we mainly focus on Syrian youth refugees, as the crisis in Syria can be considered as the greatest event that has caused youth displacement, distress and an influx in refugees since the Palestinian Nakba.

El presente estudio aborda la prevalencia de los mecanismos de defensa psicológica entre los palestinos durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en el año 2020. La prevalencia de los mecanismos de defensa psicológica entre los palestinos durante la pandemia de COVID-19 se evaluó utilizando un índice de una escala de 20 ítems que desarrollaron los investigadores y se administró a trescientos ochenta y cuatro palestinos en Cisjordania, Palestina seleccionados estratificadamente. Los hallazgos revelaron que (72,8%) de los palestinos habían utilizado mucho los mecanismos de defensa durante la pandemia de COVID-19; es decir, negación, racionalización, proyección, regresión y sublimación. Los hallazgos del estudio confirmaron el valor de los mecanismos de defensa para disminuir la angustia psicológica durante la pandemia COVID-19. The present study addressed the psychological defence mechanisms prevalence among Palestinians during the COVID- 19 pandemic in the year 2020. Psychological defence mechanisms prevalence among Palestinians during the COVID-19 pandemic was evaluated using an index of a 20-item scale that was developed by the researchers, and was administrated to three hundred and eighty-four Palestinians in the West Bank, Palestine stratifiedly selected. Findings revealed that (72.8%) of the Palestinians had highly used the defense mechanisms during the COVID-19 pandemic; which include the following: denial, rationalization, projection, regression and sublimation. The study’s findings confirmed the value of defence mechanisms in decreasing the psychological distress during COVID-19 Pandemic.

BackgroundEndoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is an option for patients with Class I and II obesity or patients who refuse to undergo a laparoscopic bariatric surgery. The aims of this study are as follows: (1) to demonstrate a short-term outcome after primary ESG and (2) to compare the effectiveness of weight loss between Class I and Class II obesity patients.MethodsPatients undergoing ESG at four bariatric centers in Brazil between April 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018 were prospectively enrolled in the study (BMI 30.0–39.9 kg/m2). ESG was performed using Overstitch (Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, TX). Descriptive analysis, t test, Chi-square test, and Mann–Whitney test were used to present the results.ResultsA total of 233 patients underwent primary ESG. The mean age and BMI of the patients were 41.1 years and 34.7 kg/m2, respectively. Following ESG, the mean percentage of total weight loss (TWL) was 17.1% at 6 months and 19.7% at 12 months. Percentage of excess BMI loss (EBMIL) was 47.3% at 6 months and 54.8% at 12 months after ESG. The mean EBMIL was significantly greater among patients with Class I obesity than those with Class II obesity at 6 (51.1% vs. 43.7%) and 12 months (60.2% vs. 49.2%). One patient experienced bleeding during the procedure that was managed with sclerotherapy.ConclusionShort-term results suggest that ESG is a safe and effective option for patients with Class I and II obesity.

Background: The current design of biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) and single anastomosis duodenal–ileal bypass with sleeve (SADI-S) emphasizes the importance of the pylorus’ preservation to reduce the incidence of marginal ulcer (MU) and dumping. However, no institutional studies have yet reported data on their prevalence. We aimed to assess the incidence of MU and dumping after duodenal switch (DS) and identify the associative factors. Methods: A multi-center review of patients who underwent BPD/DS or SADI-S between 2008 and 2022. Baseline demographics, symptoms, and management of both complications were collected. Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables and the independent t-test for continuous variables. Results: A total of 919 patients were included (74.6% female; age 42.5 years; BMI 54.6 kg/m2) with mean follow-up of 31.5 months. Eight patients (0.9%) developed MU and seven (0.8%) had dumping. Patients who developed MU were more likely to be using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) (p = 0.006) and have a longer operation time (p = 0.047). Primary versus revisional surgery, and BDP/DS versus SADI-S were not associated with MU or dumping. Conclusions: The incidences of MU and dumping after DS were low. NSAID use and a longer operation time were associated with an increased risk of MU, whereas dumping was attributed to poor dietary habits.