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Tilapia is a widely cultured species native to Africa; these fish are prolific breeders and constitute an economically important fish species supplying higher-quality protein. To meet the global food demand and achieve the UN’s Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDG), the aquaculture industry has conceived of productive solutions with the potential for adaptability, palatability, and profitability. Tilapia may play a vital role with respect to the possibility for sustainability in the nutrition and aquaculture sectors. India contributes to the promotion of aquacultural practices through a structural framework focused on agricultural, environmental, geographical, and socio-economic factors that provide opportunities for tilapia farming. Globally, the Indian aquaculture sector is currently the second largest in terms of aquacultural production but is moving toward different species that meet SDG and facilitate international marketing opportunities. The farming of aquacultural species with innovative technology constitutes an efficient use of resources. Productive research on feeding, disease management, construction, and layout helps overcome the challenges faced in aquaculture. These focused and sustained factors of the aquaculture industry offer a latent contribution to global food security. This review reports on the state of the art, the challenges regarding tilapia aquaculture in India, and the Indian government’s schemes, missions, subsidies, projects and funding related to tilapia production.

Groundnut shells (GNS) make up about 20% of the weight of a dried peanut pod, indicating a substantial amount of shell residue after groundnut processing. In primary screening, bioactive metabolites present in the various GNS extract solvents like methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane and petroleum ether were analyzed. Further, in the quantitative analysis, total phenol and tannin content have been analyzed. Major metabolites present in the GNS extracts are Octadecane (65%), Palmitic acid (23.53%), Oleic acid (10.41%), and Lupeol (21.44%). Methanol exhibits stronger antioxidant property than other extracts due to polarity and the phenols abundance. It was reflected in IC 50 results of DPPH (789.36 µg/mL) and ABTS (480.11 µg/mL) radical scavenging assays. Identical results were found in antimicrobial potential against Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Staphylococcus aureus . Higher antibacterial activity was obtained in methanolic extracts compared to other exrtacts. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined against the organisms tested, in which methanol exhibited lower MIC value at 250 µg/mL, whereas other solvent extracts showed at 500 µg/mL of GNS extracts. Further, the antimicrobial ability was confirmed by analyzing growth of microorganisms with the obtained MIC and Sub-MIC range of the extracts. At MIC range, bacterial growth was completely inhibited. This research is being implemented in order to develop a zero-waste production system by converting waste into valuable bio-products, including the use of GNS as a potential antioxidant and antibacterial agent, which is cost effective when compared to other pharmaceutical agents. Graphical Abstract

Aeromonas hydrophila poses significant health and economic challenges in aquaculture owing to its pathogenicity and prevalence. Overuse of antibiotics has led to multidrug resistance and environmental pollution, necessitating alternative strategies. This study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm potentials of quercetin against A. hydrophila. Efficacy was assessed using various assays, including antibacterial activity, biofilm inhibition, specific growth time, hemolysis inhibition, autoaggregation, and microscopic evaluation. Additionally, docking analysis was performed to explore potential interactions between quercetin and virulence proteins of A. hydrophila, including proaerolysin, chaperone needle-subunit complex of the type III secretion system, and alpha-pore forming toxin (PDB ID: 1PRE, 2Q1K, 6GRK). Quercetin exhibited potent antibacterial activity with 21.1 ± 1.1 mm zone of inhibition at 1.5 mg mL−1. It also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity, reducing biofilm formation by 46.3 ± 1.3% at the MIC and attenuating autoaggregation by 55.9 ± 1.5%. Hemolysis was inhibited by 41 ± 1.8%. Microscopic analysis revealed the disintegration of the A. hydrophila biofilm matrix. Docking studies indicated active hydrogen bond interactions between quercetin and the targeted virulence proteins with the binding energy -3.2, -5.6, and -5.1 kcal mol⁻1, respectively. These results suggest that quercetin is an excellent alternative to antibiotics for combating A. hydrophila infection in aquaculture. The multifaceted efficacy of quercetin in inhibiting bacterial growth, biofilm formation, virulence factors, and autoaggregation highlights the potential for aquaculture health and sustainability. Future research should delve into the precise mechanisms of action and explore synergistic combinations with other compounds for enhanced efficacy and targeted interventions.