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Root development is extremely sensitive to variations in nutrient supply, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. We have investigated the processes by which nitrate (NO3(-)), depending on its availability and distribution, can have both positive and negative effects on the development and growth of lateral roots. When Arabidopsis roots were exposed to a locally concentrated supply of NO3(-) there was no increase in lateral root numbers within the NO3(-) rich zone, but there was a localized 2-fold increase in the mean rate of lateral root elongation, which was attributable to a corresponding increase in the rate of cell production in the lateral root meristem. Localized applications of other N sources did not stimulate lateral root elongation, consistent with previous evidence that the NO3(-) ion is acting as a signal rather than a nutrient. The axr4 auxin-resistant mutant was insensitive to the stimulatory effect of NO3(-), suggesting an overlap between the NO3(-) and auxin response pathways. High rates of NO3(-) supply to the roots had a systemic inhibitory effect on lateral root development that acted specifically at the stage when the laterals had just emerged from the primary root, apparently delaying final activation of the lateral root meristem. A nitrate reductase-deficient mutant showed increased sensitivity to this systemic inhibitory effect, suggesting that tissue NO3(-) levels may play a role in generating the inhibitory signal. We present a model in which root branching is modulated by opposing signals from the plant's internal N status and the external supply of NO3(-).

Poor oral health for all older adults can result in higher risk for heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and oral cancer. Findings from this study indicated older veterans needed to improve their oral hygiene habits but barriers to oral hygiene performance prevented them from receiving and performing oral hygiene measures.

Long-acting injectable PrEP could offer an alternative to daily oral PrEP, improve adherence and protection, if found acceptable, safe and effective. HPTN 077 evaluated injectable cabotegravir safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics among HIV-uninfected males and females in sequentially-enrolled cohorts of two dosing strategies. We compared acceptability of product attributes, prevention preferences and future interest in injectable PrEP (FIIP) by region, sex-at-birth, arm and cohort and used multivariable analysis to identify FIIP determinants. Baseline injectable PrEP preferences were higher in non-U.S. sites and increased in both regions over time. In multivariable models, FIIP was most strongly associated with acceptability of product attributes, was higher in non-U.S. sites and more altruistic participants. Treatment arm and report of pain were not associated with FIIP. Injectable acceptability was highest in non-U.S. sites. Preferences for injectable versus other PrEP methods were higher among U.S. males than females, but higher among males and females in non-U.S. settings.

Based on the literature of social determinants of health, health equity, and anchor institutions, it is evident that hospitals have a role to play in ensuring the health of their community. However, our understanding of the impact of hospital closures is limited, especially when it comes to Black communities. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of the closure of the Normandy Osteopathic Hospital to the social determinants of health—specifically access to care and economic stability as it relates to income and wealth generation—for a Black community in one near-North suburb of St. Louis. Ten individuals with a connection to the Normandy Osteopathic Hospital were interviewed using qualitative methods and an oral history protocol. Data was coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings showed layers of disinvestment over time through national and local health care management decisions. Findings also showed that the hospital closure not only had an impact on access to health care, but also on community self-worth and economic wellbeing. As a result of these findings, policy implications and recommendations are explored.

Based on the literature of social determinants of health, health equity, and anchor institutions, it is evident that hospitals have a role to play in ensuring the health of their community. However, our understanding of the impact of hospital closures is limited, especially when it comes to Black communities. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of the closure of the Normandy Osteopathic Hospital to the social determinants of health—specifically access to care and economic stability as it relates to income and wealth generation—for a Black community in one near-North suburb of St. Louis. Ten individuals with a connection to the Normandy Osteopathic Hospital were interviewed using qualitative methods and an oral history protocol. Data was coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings showed layers of disinvestment over time through national and local health care management decisions. Findings also showed that the hospital closure not only had an impact on access to health care, but also on community self-worth and economic wellbeing. As a result of these findings, policy implications and recommendations are explored.

Based on the literature of social determinants of health, health equity, and anchor institutions, it is evident that hospitals have a role to play in ensuring the health of their community. However, our understanding of the impact of hospital closures is limited, especially when it comes to Black communities. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of the closure of the Normandy Osteopathic Hospital to the social determinants of health—specifically access to care and economic stability as it relates to income and wealth generation—for a Black community in one near-North suburb of St. Louis. Ten individuals with a connection to the Normandy Osteopathic Hospital were interviewed using qualitative methods and an oral history protocol. Data was coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings showed layers of disinvestment over time through national and local health care management decisions. Findings also showed that the hospital closure not only had an impact on access to health care, but also on community self-worth and economic wellbeing. As a result of these findings, policy implications and recommendations are explored.

Based on the literature on social determinants of health, health equity, and anchor institutions, it is evident that hospitals have a role to play in ensuring the health of their community. However, our understanding of the impact of hospital closures is limited, especially in Black communities. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of the closure of the Normandy Osteopathic Hospital to the social determinants of health—specifical, access to care and economic stability as it relates to income and wealth generation—for a Black community in one near-North suburb of St. Louis. Ten individuals connected to the Normandy Osteopathic Hospital were interviewed using qualitative methods and an oral history protocol. Data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings showed layers of disinvestment over time through national and local health care management decisions. Findings also showed that the hospital closure impacted access to health care, community self-worth, and economic well-being. As a result of these findings, policy implications and recommendations are explored.

Using a co-dominant genotypic PCR marker we show for the first time that, in sugar beet, the GA and B-gene pathways are independent for bolt initiation. We show that vernalization permits GA-dependant stem elongation and that the B-allele influences subsequent flowering. Abstract Background and aims Bolting, the first visible sign of reproductive transition in beets (Beta vulgaris), is controlled by the dominant bolting gene B (B allele), which allows for flowering under long days (LDs, >14 h light) without prior vernalization. The B-locus carries recessive alleles (bb) in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. spp. vulgaris), so that vernalization and LDs are required for bolting and flowering. Gibberellin growth hormones (GAs) control stem elongation and reproductive development, but their role during these processes in sugar beet is not defined. We aimed to investigate the involvement of GAs in bolting and flowering in sugar beet, and also its relationship with the vernalization requirement as defined by the B-gene. Methodology Plants segregating for the B allele were treated with exogenous GA4 under inductive (16 h light) and non-inductive (8 h light) photoperiods, with and without prior vernalization treatment. A co-dominant polymerase chain reaction (PCR) marker was used to genotype the B-gene locus. Bolting and flowering dates were scored, and bolt heights were measured as appropriate. Analysis of variance was used to determine the effects and interactions of GAs, the B allele and vernalization on bolting and flowering. The effects of the B allele on bolting were also verified in the field. Principal results Application of GAs or the B allele could initiate bolting independently. When the B allele was absent, the applied GAs promoted stem growth, but did so only in vernalized plants, irrespective of photoperiod. Under LDs, bolt height before flowering in plants carrying the B allele (BB; Bb) was not significantly influenced by GAs. The timing and frequency of flowering were influenced by the B allele without interactive effects from GAs. Conclusions In sugar beet, GA acts independently of the B allele and photoperiod to induce bolting. Vernalization enables GA action independently of the B allele; hence, the dominant B allele may not directly participate in vernalization-induced bolting.

African American women utilize mammography services less than white women, resulting in higher mortality rates for this population. The concept of self efficacy has predicted mammography screening behaviors. Thus, the purpose of this pilot descriptive study was to measure self efficacy for mammography screening in older African American women. Results from the study illustrated that older African American women had low self efficacy with regards to mammography screening. Knowing the needs, understanding the fears, and working on solutions as it relates to self efficacy and mammography screening may increase mammography screening rates and decrease breast cancer mortality rates for this population.

How individuals are located in space can impact their interactions. We investigated spacing behavior of tadpoles of Gray Treefrogs (Hyla versicolor) and Green Frogs (Rana clamitans) at two densities in the laboratory. Tadpoles of H. versicolor were more dispersed than those of R. clamitans. Spacing (e.g., random, dispersed, or aggregated) of tadpoles was not affected by density; however, dispersion tended to increase during the experiment. Our results suggest that spacing behavior in tadpoles is dynamic over time and may provide some insight into the outcome of intra- and interspecific interactions.