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"Jensen, Erik Norman"
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Images of the ideal: Sports, gender, and the emergence of the modern body in Weimar Germany
Europeans have based gender roles on notions of complete physical difference since at least the time of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. Twentieth-century athletes, however, have cast doubt on many of these earlier assumptions through their remarkable feats and often non-traditional behavior. My dissertation explores how elite sportsmen and women reshaped masculine and feminine ideals in Weimar Germany, a time and place particularly fraught with anxieties over new female social roles and the apparent decline in male status that followed the humiliating defeat of 1918. I concentrate on the challenges posed by tennis players, boxers, and track and field athletes to postwar gender norms. Tennis generally showcased strong and assertive women for the popular press, while the men in this increasingly feminized sport exuded a delicacy that undermined notions of robust masculinity. Boxing promoted itself as quintessentially masculine, but women actively participated in this sport, too, albeit to a limited extent. Moreover, images of female boxers circulated widely during in the 1920s, celebrating aggressive women. Men, on the other hand, represented active fighters inside the ring, but passive figures outside it, who willingly submitted to male trainers, female fans, and physical objectification by the mass media. Commentators, meanwhile, explicitly framed track and field athletes in terms of their national duties. They celebrated men as the embodiment of German strength and surrogate military heroes, while debating whether female athletes could both compete and fulfill their “maternal obligations” to the country. These representations underscore how male and female athletes redefined popular understandings of the human body, challenged many of the bases for social inequalities, and established new ideals that appeared more in tune with the modernizing age in which they lived.
Dissertation
Percutaneous fractionated radiotherapy of the groin to eliminate lymphatic fistulas after vascular surgery
Background
Vascular surgery of the inguinal area can be complicated by persistent lymphatic fistulas. Rapid and effective treatment is essential to prevent infection, sepsis, bleeding, and possible leg amputation. Current data on irradiation of lymphatic fistulas lack recommendation on the appropriate individual and total dose, the time of irradiation, and the target volume. Presumably, a dose of 0.3–0.5 to 1–12 Gy should be sufficient for the purpose. Currently, radiotherapy is a “
can
” recommendation, with a level 4 low evidence and a grade C recommendation, according to the DEGRO S2 guidelines. As part of a pilot study, we analyzed the impact and limitations of low-dose radiation therapy in the treatment of inguinal lymphatic fistulas.
Patients and methods
As a part of an internal quality control project, patients with lymphatic fistulas irradiated in the groin area after vascular surgery for arterial occlusive disease (AOD) III-IV, repair of pseudo aneurysm or lymph node dissection due to melanoma were selected, and an exploratory analysis on retrospectively collected data performed.
Results
Twelve patients (10 males and 2 females) aged 62.83 ± 12.14 years underwent open vascular reconstruction for stage II (
n
= 2), III (
n
= 1), and IV (
n
= 7) arterial occlusive disease (AOD), lymph node dissection for melanoma (
n
= 1) or repair of a pseudoaneurysm (
n
= 1). Surgical vascular access was obtained through the groin and was associated with a persistent lymphatic fistula, secreting more than 50 ml/day. Patients were irradiated five times a week up to a maximum of 10 fractions for the duration of the radiation period. Fraction of 0.4 Gy was applied in the first 7 cases, while 5 patients were treated with a de-escalating dose of 0.3 Gy. There was a resolution of the lymphatic fistula in every patient without higher grade complications.
Conclusion
Low-dose irradiation of the groin is a treatment option for persistent lymphatic fistula after inguinal vascular surgery.
Journal Article
Delayed skin reaction after mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a rare clinical reaction
Background
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with a wide clinical spectrum of skin manifestations, including urticarial, vesicular, vasculitic and chilblain‐like lesions. Recently, delayed skin reactions have been reported in 1% individuals following mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The exact pathophysiology and the risk factors still remain unclear.
Patients and methods
6821 employees and patients were vaccinated at our institutions between February and June 2021. Every patient received two doses of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in our hospitals, and reported back in case of any side effects which were collected in our hospital managed database.
Results
Eleven of 6821 vaccinated patients (0.16%) developed delayed skin reactions after either the first or second dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Eight of 11 patients (73%) developed a rash after the first dose, while in 3/11 (27%), the rash occurred after the second dose. More females (9/11) were affected. Four of 11 patients required antihistamines, with two needing additional topical steroids. All the cutaneous manifestations resolved within 14 days. None of the skin reactions after the first dose of the vaccine prevented the administration of the second dose. There were no long-term cutaneous sequelae in any of the affected individuals.
Conclusion
Our data suggests that skin reactions after the use of mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 are possible, but rare. Further studies need to be done to understand the pathophysiology of these lesions.
Journal Article
Changes in local mineral homeostasis facilitate the formation of benign and malignant testicular microcalcifications
Testicular microcalcifications consist of hydroxyapatite and have been associated with an increased risk of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) but may also be the result of benign causes such as loss-of-function variants in the phosphate-transporter gene SLC34A2. Here, we show that fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a regulator of phosphate homeostasis, is expressed in testicular germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), embryonal carcinoma (EC), and human embryonic stem cells. FGF23 is not glycosylated in TGCTs and therefore cleaved into a C-terminal fragment which competitively antagonizes full-length FGF23. Here, Fgf23 knockout mice presented with marked calcifications in the epididymis, spermatogenic arrest, and focally germ cells expressing the osteoblast marker bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP). Moreover, the frequent testicular microcalcifications in mice with no functional androgen receptor and lack of circulating gonadotropins is associated with lower Slc34a2 and higher Slc34a1/Bglap expression compared with wild-type mice. In accordance, human testicular specimens with microcalcifications also have lower SLC34A2 and a subpopulation of germ cells express SLC34A1, BGLAP, and RUNX2 highlighting aberrant local phosphate handling and expression of bone-specific proteins. Mineral disturbance in vitro using calcium or phosphate treatment induced deposition of calcium-phosphate in a spermatogonial cell line and this effect was fully rescued by the mineralization-inhibitor pyrophosphate. In conclusion, testicular microcalcifications may arise secondary to local alterations in mineral homeostasis, which in combination with impaired Sertoli cell function and reduced levels of mineralization-inhibitors due to high alkaline phosphatase activity in GCNIS and TGCTs, facilitate osteogenic-like differentiation of testicular cells and deposition of hydroxyapatite.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Footnotes* Since the last submission, we have improved the work by adding human and mouse testis ex vivo models, increased number of tissues analyzed, analyzed different ALP expression, included a mouse model with high dietary phosphate intake, and made an explanatory figure to summarize all the findings.
Paper