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Uncovering organizing principles of organelle assembly is a fundamental pursuit in the life sciences. Caenorhabditis elegans was key in identifying evolutionary conserved components governing assembly of the centriole organelle. However, localizing these components with high precision has been hampered by the minute size of the worm centriole, thus impeding understanding of underlying assembly mechanisms. Here, we used Ultrastructure Expansion coupled with STimulated Emission Depletion (U-Ex-STED) microscopy, as well as electron microscopy (EM) and electron tomography (ET), to decipher the molecular architecture of the worm centriole. Achieving an effective lateral resolution of approximately 14 nm, we localize centriolar and PeriCentriolar Material (PCM) components in a comprehensive manner with utmost spatial precision. We found that all 12 components analysed exhibit a ring-like distribution with distinct diameters and often with a 9-fold radial symmetry. Moreover, we uncovered that the procentriole assembles at a location on the centriole margin where SPD-2 and ZYG-1 also accumulate. Moreover, SAS-6 and SAS-5 were found to be present in the nascent procentriole, with SAS-4 and microtubules recruited thereafter. We registered U-Ex-STED and EM data using the radial array of microtubules, thus allowing us to map each centriolar and PCM protein to a specific ultrastructural compartment. Importantly, we discovered that SAS-6 and SAS-4 exhibit a radial symmetry that is offset relative to microtubules, leading to a chiral centriole ensemble. Furthermore, we established that the centriole is surrounded by a region from which ribosomes are excluded and to which SAS-7 localizes. Overall, our work uncovers the molecular architecture of the C . elegans centriole in unprecedented detail and establishes a comprehensive framework for understanding mechanisms of organelle biogenesis and function.

Centrioles are microtubule-based organelles critical for signaling, motility and division. The microtubule-binding protein SAS-1 is homologous to the human ciliopathy component C2CD3 and contributes to centriole integrity in C. elegans , but how this function is exerted is incompletely understood. Here, through the generation of a null allele and analysis with U-Ex-STED, we establish that SAS-1 is dispensable for the onset of centriole assembly, but essential for organelle integrity during oogenesis, spermatogenesis and in the early embryo. Additionally, we uncover that SAS-1 is present at the transition zone of sensory neurons, and contributes in a partially redundant manner to ciliary function. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between SAS-1 and the C. elegans Sjögren’s Syndrome Nuclear Antigen 1 protein SSNA-1, establishing that SSNA-1 localizes next to the SAS-1 C-terminus in the centriole architecture. Moreover, through molecular epistasis experiments with null alleles of both components, we reveal that SAS-1 is essential for SSNA-1 localization to centrioles during oogenesis and to the transition zone during ciliogenesis. Moreover, using a heterologous human cell assay, we establish that SAS-1 recruits SSNA-1 to microtubules. Overall, our findings help clarify how SAS-1, together with SSNA-1, ensures centriole integrity, and reveal that it contributes to cilium function.

Changes in the urban landscape resulting from rapid urbanisation and climate change have the potential to increase land surface temperature (LST) and the incidence of the urban heat island (UHI). An increase in urban heat directly affects urban livelihoods and systems. This study investigated the spatiotemporal variation of the UHI in the Kurunegala urban area (KUA) of North-Western Province, Sri Lanka. The KUA is one of the most intensively developing economic and administrative capitals in Sri Lanka with an urban system that is facing climate vulnerabilities and challenges of extreme heat conditions. We examined the UHI formation for the period 1996–2019 and its impact on the urban-systems by exploring nature-based solutions (NBS). This study used annual median temperatures based on Landsat data from 1996 to 2019 using the Google Earth Engine (GEE). Various geospatial approaches, including spectral index-based land use/cover mapping (1996, 2009 and 2019), urban-rural gradient zones, UHI profile, statistics and grid-based analysis, were used to analyse the data. The results revealed that the mean LST increased by 5.5 °C between 1996 and 2019 mainly associated with the expansion pattern of impervious surfaces. The mean LST had a positive correlation with impervious surfaces and a negative correlation with the green spaces in all the three time-points. Impacts due to climate change, including positive temperature and negative rainfall anomalies, contributed to the increase in LST. The study recommends interactively applying NBS to addressing the UHI impacts with effective mitigation and adaptation measures for urban sustainability.

Translucent, monoclinic-free, novel calcia-stabilised zirconia ceramics were developed utilising conventional (pressureless) sintering. The 10 mol% CaO-doped zirconia (10CaSZ) ceramic depicted a maximum transmittance of 81% at 600 nm for a 0.6 mm thick pellet while for 3 mol% CaO-doped zirconia (3CaSZ) phase-pure tetragonal system, the value was recorded as 59% at the same wavelength and thickness. The ultrafine (~ 3 nm) nanoparticles sintered via two-step sintering process yielded full densification (> 99%) at temperatures as low as 1150 °C. The average grain size of sintered 3CaSZ ceramic was 85 nm. For 10CaSZ ceramic, it increased from 170 nm to 0.76 μm with elevated sintering temperatures. The increase of sintering temperature ensured different microstructure from ultrafine grains, a bimodal grain size distribution, and ultimately leading to a grain-locking morphology. The influence of microstructure and constituent phases (tetragonal and cubic) on total forward transmittance in the visible range was analysed and explained.

Hot-pressing has often been reported to solve sintering problems for ‘difficult-to-sinter’ systems, in general. La 2 Ce 2 O 7 , a system known for one of the lowest thermal conductivities, was sintered via conventional sintering and hot-pressing. The same starting powder that yielded (111) textured ceramic via conventional sintering, depicted no texture upon hot-pressing. Rather, huge variation in peak intensity ratios of some crystal planes were noted and explained in terms of ease/difficulty of grain rotation mechanisms. These changes were quantified using Lotgering factor calculation and a new term was introduced in the form of mean of percentage changes of X-ray diffraction peaks with respect to the standard JCPDS pattern. High thermomechanical stress concentration gradients-induced via hot-pressing depicted nano to micron-sized cracks in sintered ceramics which also worsened their dielectric breakdown strength. Massive reduction in texture in hot-pressed sample adversely affected its translucency. Graphical abstract

Future remote systems should have the option to handle the gain in a different system state. One of the most of the time tried issues for coordination is the vertical handoff, which is an option to handoff portable hubs between different systems. While customary handoff codes are based on quality checks, vertical handoffs must assess additional factors, for example, funding costs, proposed governance, systematic location, and customer learning. In this paper, some improvements are proposed for the implementation of vertical handoff option calculations aimed at increasing the nature of the administration experienced by each customer. Firstly, talk about the idea of alignment-based handoff is done. At that point, cost efficiency can be achieved by sending decisions on the target systems depending on the classification of the customer and the measurements provided by the system. Finally, a demonstration investigation suggests that the proposed reforms can achieve significant gains like governance and the productive use of assets. In the present work, two other half-schemes are proposed using the cuckoo search calculation and the genealogical calculation. In the two mixing plots, the calculation consists of two steps: the primary stage, which examines the location of the cuckoo search (CS), or the genetic algorithm (GA). In the subsequent stage, to improve worldwide pursuit and dispose of catching into a few neighbourhood optima is done. Reproducibility results and testing with old-time CS and GA calculations confirm the feasibility of the proposed computation in designing various benchmark correction capabilities.

Cancer epithelia show elevation in levels of sulfated proteoglycans including dermatan sulfates (DS). The effect of increased DS on cancer cell behavior is still unclear. We hypothesized that decreased expression of the enzyme Iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) can lead to increased DS levels, which would enhance the invasion of cancer cells. Breast cancer sections shows depleted IDS levels in tumor epithelia, when compared with adjacent untransformed breast tissues. IDS signals showed a progressive decrease in the non-transformed HMLE, transformed but non-invasive MCF-7 and transformed and invasive MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively, when cultured on Type 1 collagen scaffolds. DS levels measured by ELISA increased in an inverse-association with IDS levels. Knockdown of IDS in MCF-7 epithelia also increased the levels of DS. MCF-7 cells with depleted IDS expression, when imaged using two photon-excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation microscopy, exhibited a mesenchymal morphology with multiple cytoplasmic projections compared with epithelioid control cells, interacted with their surrounding matrix, and showed increased invasion through Type 1 collagen matrices. Both these traits were phenocopied when control MCF-7 cells were cultivated on Type 1 collagen gels polymerized in the presence of DS. In monolayer cultures, DS had no effect on MCF-7 migration. In the context of our demonstration that DS enhances the elastic modulus of Type 1 collagen gels, we propose that a decrease of IDS expression leads to accumulation within cancer epithelia of DS: the latter remodels the collagen around cancer cells leading to changes in cell shape and invasiveness through fibrillar matrix milieu.

The quality-control process in manufacturing must ensure the product is free of defects and performs according to the customer’s expectations. Maintaining the quality of a firm’s products at the highest level is very important for keeping an edge over the competition. To maintain and enhance the quality of their products, manufacturers invest a lot of resources in quality control and quality assurance. During the assembly line, parts will arrive at a constant interval for assembly. The quality criteria must first be met before the parts are sent to the assembly line where the parts and subparts are assembled to get the final product. Once the product has been assembled, it is again inspected and tested before it is delivered to the customer. Because manufacturers are mostly focused on visual quality inspection, there can be bottlenecks before and after assembly. The manufacturer may suffer a loss if the assembly line is slowed down by this bottleneck. To improve quality, state-of-the-art sensors are being used to replace visual inspections and machine learning is used to help determine which part will fail. Using machine learning techniques, a review of quality assessment in various production processes is presented, along with a summary of the four industrial revolutions that have occurred in manufacturing, highlighting the need to detect anomalies in assembly lines, the need to detect the features of the assembly line, the use of machine learning algorithms in manufacturing, the research challenges, the computing paradigms, and the use of state-of-the-art sensors in Industry 4.0.

One of the primary challenges that wireless technology in the present generation is facing is always best connected (ABC) service. This is possible only when the wireless overlay networks follow a cooperative and coordinated process. Vertical handoff is one such process. Concerning this process, the main challenge is to develop algorithms that take care of optimal connection management with proper resource utilization for uninterrupted mobility. In this paper, we develop a new hybrid cuckoo search (CS) and genetic algorithm (GA) that maximizes the performance of heterogeneous wireless systems in terms of minimizing latency, handover failure probability, and enhancing the throughput. We focus on an optimized simulation framework to demonstrate the advantage of our hybrid model. It can be discerned from the simulation analysis that the proposed hybrid technique increases throughput by 17% and 8% compared to the cuckoo search and genetic algorithms applied individually. The performance of the proposed scheme is promising for applications wherein the handoff mechanisms have to be optimized to control frequent handoffs to further reduce the power consumption of user equipment.

One of the primary challenges that wireless technology in the present generation is facing is always best connected (ABC) service. This is possible only when the wireless overlay networks follow a cooperative and coordinated process. Vertical handoff is one such process. Concerning this process, the main challenge is to develop algorithms that take care of optimal connection management with proper resource utilization for uninterrupted mobility. In this paper, we develop a new hybrid cuckoo search (CS) and genetic algorithm (GA) that maximizes the performance of heterogeneous wireless systems in terms of minimizing latency, handover failure probability, and enhancing the throughput. We focus on an optimized simulation framework to demonstrate the advantage of our hybrid model. It can be discerned from the simulation analysis that the proposed hybrid technique increases throughput by 17% and 8% compared to the cuckoo search and genetic algorithms applied individually. The performance of the proposed scheme is promising for applications wherein the handoff mechanisms have to be optimized to control frequent handoffs to further reduce the power consumption of user equipment.