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يدور موضوع الكتاب حول \"الاستراتيجيات العسكرية في الصين القديمة\" هذا ‏العنوان يدخل في حقل الكتب العسكرية أو ما يعرف بـ (الأدب العسكري) وهو حسب ‏مؤلفه الصيني \"لي تشينغ بين\" أحد أعظم ميراث ثقافي للأمة الصينية، أدب غني ‏بالدلالات الثقافية والمزايا الفريدة التي تعرف إليها المؤلف بعد أن بحث في الأدب ‏العسكري القديم في بلاده بما في ذلك أحد أعظم أعماله وهي فن الحرب لما يفوق ‏الثلاثين عاما. لقد صرح أن هذا الأدب يتمتع بحكمة كبيرة، واستراتيجيات بالإضافة ‏إلى مفاتيح النجاح ويمكن أن يتم الرجوع إلى الكتب العسكرية القديمة لتقييم ‏الاستراتيجيات الفعالة من قبل العديد من الأشخاص، بمن فيهم القادة العسكريون، ‏السياسيون، الدبلوماسيون، رجال الأعمال، وحتى الناس العاديون. ولأن الكتب ‏العسكرية تلعب دور ناقل الثقافة، لذلك، يفترض المؤلف أنه من الأفضل لكل شخص ‏متعلم أن يقرأ هذا النوع من الكتب بغض النظر عن مهنته. ‏ كتاب \"الاستراتيجيات العسكرية في الصين القديمة\" هو نقطة في بحر العدد الهائل ‏من الكتب الصينية الكلاسيكية القديمة بالإضافة للأدب العسكري العميق، لقد اختار ‏المؤلف ما يزيد عن ثلاثمائة بند في ثمانين كتابا عسكريا قديما وأضاف الشروحات ‏الصينية والترجمات الإنجليزية المتوافقة في هذا الكتاب بهدف مساعدة القراء في فهم ‏ودراسة الأدب العسكري القديم. يتضمن هذا الكتاب ترجمة الأصل الإنجليزي ‏‎\"Military Strategies in ‎Ancient China\"‎‏ نقلته إلى العربية نهى حسن ويأتي باللغتين العربية والصينية مما ‏يسهم في تعلم اللغة الصينية للناطقين بالضاد.

Pancreatic cancer is an increasingly common cause of cancer mortality with a tight correspondence between disease mortality and incidence. Furthermore, it is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage with a very dismal prognosis. Due to the high heterogeneity, metabolic reprogramming, and dense stromal environment associated with pancreatic cancer, patients benefit little from current conventional therapy. Recent insight into the biology and genetics of pancreatic cancer has supported its molecular classification, thus expanding clinical therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize how the biological features of pancreatic cancer and its metabolic reprogramming as well as the tumor microenvironment regulate its development and progression. We further discuss potential biomarkers for pancreatic cancer diagnosis, prediction, and surveillance based on novel liquid biopsies. We also outline recent advances in defining pancreatic cancer subtypes and subtype-specific therapeutic responses and current preclinical therapeutic models. Finally, we discuss prospects and challenges in the clinical development of pancreatic cancer therapeutics.

يضم هذا الكتاب خلاصة تجارب وعصارة أفكار 56 عالما، هم من أبرز علماء الإدارة في الصين، وقد حملوا على عاتقهم مسؤولية قيادة المؤسسات الصينية لسنوات عديدة، وهو كتاب مرجعي لكل المؤسسات على المستوى العالمي والتي إن حدث لها ضرر في فترات الأزمات أو الأوبئة، فلن يتوقف هذا الضرر عند ملاكها أو المنتفعين منها، بل سيمتد أثره إلى قطاعات عريضة من العمالة، وسيضرب القوة الإنتاجية ولا سيما الصادرات والواردات وغيرها من الموارد. ومن ثم فهم محاربون على الخطوط الأولى، مثلهم مثل الأطباء في أزمة انتشار فيروس كورونا المستجد، وإن كان مجال تخصص كل مختلفا منهم عن الآخر، ففريق منهم ينقذ حياة الناس، بينما الفريق الآخر ينقذ أقواتهم. ولغة الكتاب لغة سهلة وبسيطة، تنطلق أفكاره من مواقف عامة وليست من مواقف خاصة محددة، ومن هنا تعد أفكاره صالحة للتطبيق على المؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة في كل مكان، والتي أصبح لزاما عليها أن تلجأ للابتكار والإبداع إن أرادت الاستمرار على قيد الحياة، وبات عليها أن تبحث وسط ركام الأزمة عن الإيجابيات التي يمكن أن تهب لها حياة جديدة وسبلا مبتكرة للخلاص.

Sleep control is ascribed to a two-process model, a widely accepted concept that posits homoeostatic drive and a circadian process as the major sleep-regulating factors. Cognitive and emotional factors also influence sleep–wake behaviour; however, the precise circuit mechanisms underlying their effects on sleep control are unknown. Previous studies suggest that adenosine has a role affecting behavioural arousal in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain area critical for reinforcement and reward. Here, we show that chemogenetic or optogenetic activation of excitatory adenosine A2A receptor-expressing indirect pathway neurons in the core region of the NAc strongly induces slow-wave sleep. Chemogenetic inhibition of the NAc indirect pathway neurons prevents the sleep induction, but does not affect the homoeostatic sleep rebound. In addition, motivational stimuli inhibit the activity of ventral pallidum-projecting NAc indirect pathway neurons and suppress sleep. Our findings reveal a prominent contribution of this indirect pathway to sleep control associated with motivation.

الوقوف على كافة مجريات وتطورات الواقع الصيني فيما يتعلق بسياسات الحزب الشيوعي الصيني بوجه عام، والأوضاع الاقتصادية بالصين على الصعيدين المحلي والدولي، ليس بالأمر الهين على الباحثين والأكاديميين بل والمهتمين بالشأن الصيني عموما، لذا فإن هذا الكتاب \"فهم الصين\" يعد محطة مهمة في قراءة وفهم حاضر الصين ومستقبلها القريب والبعيد على حد سواء، حيث يكتسب هذا الكتاب خصوصيته وأهميته، من كونه يتألف من عدة أوراق بحثية وكلمات لأهم القادة السياسيين الصينيين والدوليين كل من منطلق موقعه السياسي، والذين ألقوا كلماتهم على هامش أهم حدث سياسي يحدث في الصين كل خمس سنوات، وهو اجتماع اللجنة المركزية للحزب الشيوعي الصيني في دورته الثامنة عشرة. ويتناول هذا الكتاب عددا من المحاور الأساسية فيما يتعلق بالسياسة الخارجية للصين، ودورها الاقتصادي إقليميا وعالميا، منها : استراتيجية التنمية الاقتصادية وتعزيز التنمية المنسقة في إطار الخطة الخمسية الثالثة عشرة للصين، وتحسين الحوكمة العالمية وبناء مجتمع المصالح المشتركة على نحو شامل وكذلك المشاركة الفعالة في الحوكمة الاقتصادية العالمية والسعي لتحقيق تنمية سلمية مشتركة، وإدارة الفضاء السيبراني في الصين، بالإضافة إلى استراتيجية الدفاع الوطني الصينية، وتعزيز حماية البيئة الإيكولوجية وبناء مجتمع رغد الحياة بشكل شامل، بالإضافة إلى تحليل وعرض لمستقبل مبادرة \"الحزام والطريق\" في ظل النظام العالمي الجديد.

The search for high-performance functional alloys with improved service life and reliability entails the optimization of their mechanical properties. Recently, the high-entropy alloy (HEA) design concept has found new alloys with excellent mechanical properties. It utilizes multiprincipal elements to yield high configurational entropy of mixing, entailing a large compositional freedom with wide window of opportunities for property exploration. Their functional properties are usually modest when compared to conventional materials. The discovery of HEAs with optimal combination of mechanical and functional properties would be a leap forward in the reliability of functional devices. This review article focuses on magnetocaloric HEAs, the design approaches, and the appropriate analysis methods for their performance. We will highlight the efficient strategic search within the vast HEA space, which has been instrumental for significantly enhancing MCE performance, closing the pre-existing gap between magnetocaloric HEAs and high-performance conventional magnetocaloric materials. Outlook for future directions will also be included. Graphical abstract

This review reports on the effects of fermentation on the chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of plant-based food materials. Fermentation involves a series of reactions that modify the chemical components of the substrate. It could be considered a tool to increase the bioactive compounds and functional properties of food plant materials. Oxidative damage is key to the progression of many human diseases, and the production of antioxidant compounds by fermentation will be helpful to reduce the risk of these diseases. Fermentation also can improve antioxidant activity given its association with increased phytochemicals, antioxidant polysaccharides, and antioxidant peptides produced by microbial hydrolysis or biotransformation. Additionally, fermentation can encourage the breakdown of plant cell walls, which helps to liberate or produce various antioxidant compounds. Overall, results indicated that fermentation in many cases contributed to enhancing antioxidants’ content and antioxidant capacity, supporting the fermentation use in the production of value-added functional food. This review provides an overview of the factors that impact the effects of fermentation on bioactive compound composition and antioxidant activity. The impacts of fermentation are summarized as a reference to its effects on food plant material.

Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-associated neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia is involved in the pathogenesis of depression. The role of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD), a newly identified pyroptosis executioner downstream of NLRP3 inflammasome mediating inflammatory programmed cell death, in depression has not been well defined. Here, we provide evidence that paeoniflorin (PF), a monoterpene glycoside compound derived from Paeonia lactiflora , ameliorated reserpine-induced mouse depression-like behaviors, characterized as increased mobility time in tail suspension test and forced swimming test, as well as the abnormal alteration of synaptic plasticity in the depressive hippocampus. The molecular docking simulation predicted that PF would interact with C-terminus of GSDMD. We further demonstrated that PF administration inhibited the enhanced expression of GSDMD which mainly distributed in microglia, along with the proteins involved in pyroptosis signaling transduction including caspase (CASP)-11, CASP-1, NLRP3, and interleukin (IL)-1β in the hippocampus of mice treated with reserpine. And also, PF prevented lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced pyroptosis in murine N9 microglia in vitro, evidenced by inhibiting the expression of CASP-11, NLRP3, CASP-1 cleavage, as well as IL-1β. Furthermore, VX-765, an effective and selective inhibitor for CASP-1 activation, reduced the expression of inflammasome and pyroptosis-associated proteins in over-activated N9 and also facilitated PF-mediated inhibition of pyroptosis synergistically. Collectively, the data indicated that PF exerted antidepressant effects, alleviating neuroinflammation through inhibiting CASP-11-dependent pyroptosis signaling transduction induced by over-activated microglia in the hippocampus of mice treated with reserpine. Thus, GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in activated microglia is a previously unrecognized inflammatory mechanism of depression and represents a unique therapeutic opportunity for mitigating depression given PF administration.

A significant number of individuals with depression in Hong Kong remain undiagnosed and untreated through traditional face-to-face psychotherapy. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) has emerged as a tool to improve access to mental health services. However, iCBT remains underdeveloped in Chinese communities, particularly in Hong Kong. This study aims to (1) develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a culturally and linguistically appropriate guided iCBT program for Hong Kong Chinese with depressive symptoms, and (2) explore their treatment adherence. An 11-week guided iCBT program, \"Confront and Navigate Depression Online\" (CANDO), consisting of 8 online modules, was developed and implemented for Hong Kong residents. The program was accessible via either an online platform (web-based iCBT) or a smartphone app (app-based iCBT). A 3-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted, with participants recruited through open recruitment and referrals from 2 local non-governmental organizations. A total of 402 eligible participants with mild to moderate depressive symptoms were randomly allocated into 3 groups: (1) web-based iCBT (n=139); (2) app-based iCBT (n=131); and (3) waitlist control (WLC) group (n=132), who transitioned to the web-based iCBT group after waiting for 11 weeks. Therapist support was provided by a clinical psychologist through 3 counseling sessions and weekly assignment feedback. The primary outcomes were the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), while the secondary outcome measures included the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Chinese Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (CATQ), and the Chinese Affect Scale (CAS). These scales were administered at preintervention, postintervention, and at 3-month and 6-month follow-up assessments. Data analysis was conducted using linear mixed effects modeling, adhering to the intent-to-treat principle. Participants in both the web- and app-based iCBT groups reported significant improvements compared with the WLC group on all primary (P<.001) and secondary measures (P<.001 and P=.009) at posttreatment. Large between-group effect sizes were observed in the reduction of depressive symptoms, with Cohen's d value of 1.07 (95% CI 0.81-1.34) for the web-based group and 1.15 (95% CI 0.88-1.43) for the app-based group on the BDI-II. Additionally, the web- and app-based groups showed effect sizes of 0.78 (95% CI 0.52-1.04) and 0.95 (95% CI 0.63-1.27) on PHQ-9, respectively. Medium to large effect sizes were observed for secondary outcomes at posttreatment. These positive effects were maintained at both the 3- and 6-month follow-ups, with medium to large within-group effect sizes. The adherence rate in the 2 iCBT groups was 154 out of 270 (57.0%) for completing all 8 online modules and 152 out of 270 (56.3%) for attending all 4 counseling sessions (including an intake interview). The recovery rate, as measured by the BDI-II at posttreatment, was 35 out of 90 (39%) for the web-based group and 36 out of 91 (40%) for the app-based group, compared with 3 out of 112 (3%) in the WLC group. Culturally and linguistically adapted iCBT is an effective and feasible treatment for Hong Kong Chinese with mild to moderate depressive symptoms, demonstrating a satisfactory recovery rate and treatment adherence. ICBT offers an accessible and viable alternative to face-to-face interventions in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong government should allocate more resources and support the use of iCBT as a tool to treat people with depressive symptoms. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04388800); https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04388800.

Background Tumor heterogeneity presents a formidable challenge in understanding the mechanisms driving tumor progression and metastasis. The heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cellular level is not clear. Methods Integration analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data and spatial transcriptomics data was performed. Multiple methods were applied to investigate the subtype of HCC tumor cells. The functional characteristics, translation factors, clinical implications and microenvironment associations of different subtypes of tumor cells were analyzed. The interaction of subtype and fibroblasts were analyzed. Results We established a heterogeneity landscape of HCC malignant cells by integrated 52 single-cell RNA sequencing data and 5 spatial transcriptomics data. We identified three subtypes in tumor cells, including ARG1 + metabolism subtype (Metab-subtype), TOP2A + proliferation phenotype (Prol-phenotype), and S100A6 + pro-metastatic subtype (EMT-subtype). Enrichment analysis found that the three subtypes harbored different features, that is metabolism, proliferating, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Trajectory analysis revealed that both Metab-subtype and EMT-subtype originated from the Prol-phenotype. Translation factor analysis found that EMT-subtype showed exclusive activation of SMAD3 and TGF-β signaling pathway. HCC dominated by EMT-subtype cells harbored an unfavorable prognosis and a deserted microenvironment. We uncovered a positive loop between tumor cells and fibroblasts mediated by SPP1-CD44 and CCN2/TGF-β-TGFBR1 interaction pairs. Inhibiting CCN2 disrupted the loop, mitigated the transformation to EMT-subtype, and suppressed metastasis. Conclusion By establishing a heterogeneity landscape of malignant cells, we identified a three-subtype classification in HCC. Among them, S100A6 + tumor cells play a crucial role in metastasis. Targeting the feedback loop between tumor cells and fibroblasts is a promising anti-metastatic strategy.