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Yellow leaf disease caused by sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. In this study, six near-complete genome sequences of SCYLV were determined to be 5775–5881 bp in length. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two SCYLV isolates from Réunion Island, France, and four from China were clustered into REU and CUB genotypes, respectively, based on 50 genomic sequences (this study = 6, GenBank = 44). Meanwhile, all 50 isolates were clustered into three phylogroups (G1–G3). Twelve significant recombinant events occurred in intra- and inter-phylogroups between geographical origins and host crops. Most recombinant hotspots were distributed in coat protein read-through protein (RTD), followed by ORF0 (P0) and ORF1 (P1). High genetic divergences of 12.4% for genomic sequences and 6.0–24.9% for individual genes were determined at nucleotide levels. The highest nucleotide diversity (π) was found in P0, followed by P1 and RdRP. In addition, purifying selection was a main factor restricting variability in SCYLV populations. Infrequent gene flow between Africa and the two subpopulations (Asia and America) were found, whereas frequent gene flow between Asia and America subpopulations was observed. Taken together, our findings facilitate understanding of genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of SCYLV.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is an immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis characterized by predominant IgA deposition in the mesangial region, typically exhibiting polyclonal IgA deposits (co-dominance of κ and λ light chains). However, a few studies have reported IgAN cases with monotypic IgA deposition in glomeruli on renal immunofluorescence, predominantly IgA-λ, while IgA-κ deposition is rare. The pathogenesis, pathological features, and prognosis of IgA-κ monotypic deposition remain poorly understood. Here, we report a case of IgAN with monotypic IgA-κ deposits. The patient presented with microscopic hematuria and non-nephrotic range proteinuria and normal renal function. The renal histopathology revealed mild mesangial hypercellularity with segmental endocapillary proliferation. Both frozen and paraffin immunofluorescence showed monotypic IgA-κ deposition and C3 clumps deposition in mesangial region. Electron microscopy showed electron dense deposition in mesangial region, but no abnormal deposition of monoclonal light chain was observed by immunoelectron microscopy. After 12 months of follow-up, the patient was treated with maximal tolerated doses of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors combined with Nefecon, the patient’s urine protein decreased significantly and renal function was stable, and no hematological disorders were found during the follow-up. Therefore, IgAN with monotypic IgA-κ deposits shares similar clinicopathological features and prognosis with IgAN with polyclonal IgA deposits, suggesting that they may belong to the same disease spectrum. Moreover, IgAN with monotypic IgA-κ deposits and proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgA deposits (PGNMID) share similarities in pathological manifestations. Therefore, rigorous monitoring of hematological indices in IgAN patients with monotypic IgA-κ deposits is essential to remain vigilant against misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis of early-stage PGNMID.

We identified novel Molecular subtypes according to the expression of fibrosis-related genes (FRGs) and constructed a prognostic model using different expression genes (DEGs) for patients with Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We downloaded the clinical data and transcriptome data of HCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database. We identified two fibrosis-related molecular subtypes of HCC by consensus unsupervised clustering analysis. Interestingly, these two molecular subtypes significantly differed in overall survival (OS) and clinical characteristics. Besides, the most minor absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to develop a novel prognostic model by three genes (including KPNA2, LPCAT1, and AKR1D1). There was a statistically significant difference in OS between the high-risk and low-risk groups. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of OS in 1-, 3-, and 5-year were satisfactory. Besides, the risk score was connected with critical clinical characteristics and could be an independent factor in predicting prognosis. Then, the nomogram was built by incorporating risk scores with clinical parameters. Additionally, the risk score was remarkedly correlated with TME and drug susceptibility. Finally, the results of H&E staining and immunohistochemistry of Ki67 showed that the tumor of higher-risk patients are more malignant. The FRGs-based subtype and signature explain the HCC heterogeneity, which might provide a new method to develop a more efficient treatment.

species are rare opportunistic pathogens in the clinic, with strong invasiveness and dissemination, that can cause serious pulmonary infection, especially in immunocompromised patients, chronic lung diseases and hormone use, and is easy to be missed and misdiagnosed, preventing patients from obtaining timely and effective treatment, resulting in a high mortality rate. Here, we present a rare case of a patient with chronic bronchiectasis and IgA nephropathy who developed pneumonia shortly after hormone therapy. The patient presented with tongue and lip ulcers, chest distress, cough, expectoration, and fever as the initial symptoms, which were extremely similar to common bacterial pulmonary infections. The laboratory examination and pulmonary computer tomography results indicated pulmonary infection, but the blood and multiple sputum cultures failed to identify the pathogen. Empirical treatment with piperacillin/tazobactam sodium and ceftriaxone was ineffective, and the patient's condition worsened and progressed to respiratory failure. Subsequently, a bronchoscopy examination was performed, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected for bacterial culture, which indicated infection, however the treatment used of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combined with imipenem was not effective. Finally, the patient was confirmed to have infection by mass spectrometry. According to the antibiotic sensitivity test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value results, was resistant to imipenem, so the treatment was changed to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combined with linzolid. The patient's condition improved rapidly and he was discharged after his condition was stable. This case reminded us that for patients with a history of chronic lung disease, when pulmonary infection occurs during hormone or immunosuppressive therapy for kidney disease, the possibility of infection should be fully considered, and high-quality specimens should be collected as early as possible. Appropriate bacterial culture methods and efficient identification techniques should be adopted to promptly identify pathogens, and personalized treatment plans should be developed based on antibiotic sensitivity tests to save patients' lives.

3D printing of carbon fiber reinforced plastics can produce lightweight components with higher efficiency and more complex structure. For the short carbon fiber reinforced plastics, the composites are firstly made by compounding, then they are processed to filaments, powders or other needed forms, finally the components are printed by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Selected Laser Sintering (SLS) or other methods. The tensile strength of the nylon-based component is more than 70 MPa. Companies such as EOS, Stratasys and Farsoon can provide the materials and equipments. For the continuous carbon fiber reinforced plastics, the divided carbon fibers and plastic filaments or impregnated carbon fiber filaments are firstly prepared, then the components are printed by FDM or other methods. The average tensile strength of the nylon-based component is more than 200 MPa. Companies such as Markforged and Arevo Labs have commercialized the 3D printing equipment/platform for the continuous fiber reinforced plastics.

BackgroundSingle-incision laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SILSG) has been proposed as an alternative to conventional laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (CLSG) in obese patients. This study aims to compare the surgical outcomes of these two techniques.MethodsA meta-analysis of existing literature obtained through a systematic literature search in the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library CENTRAL databases from 2009 to 2019 was conducted.ResultsEleven articles including 1168 patients were analyzed. Patients in the SILSG group reported greater satisfaction with cosmetic scar outcomes than those in the CLSG group (SMD = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.10 to 3.83, P = 0.00). There was no significant difference between the SILSG group and the CLSG group regarding operative time, intraoperative estimated blood loss, conversion rate, intraoperative complications, length of hospital stay, postoperative analgesia, postoperative complications, excess weight loss (EWL), and improvements in comorbidities (P > 0.05).ConclusionsCompared to CLSG, SILSG resulted in improved cosmetic satisfaction and showed no disadvantages in terms of surgical outcomes; thus, SILSG can serve as an alternative to CLSG for obese patients. Nonetheless, high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with large study populations and long follow-up periods are needed.

Sugarcane-infecting badnaviruses (sugarcane bacilliform viruses, SCBVs) represent a genetically heterogeneous species complex, posing a serious threat to the yield and quality of sugarcane in all major producing regions. SCBVs are commonly transmitted across regions by the exchange of sugarcane germplasm. In this study, we develop two quick, sensitive, and reliable protocols for real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) of Sugarcane bacilliform MO virus (SCBMOV) and Sugarcane bacilliform IM virus (SCBIMV) using two sets of TaqMan probes and primers targeting the reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT/RNase H) region. The two assays had a detection limit of 100 copies of plasmid DNA and were 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. High specificity of the two assays was observed with respect to SCBIMV and SCBMOV. A total of 176 sugarcane leaf tissue samples from Fujian and Yunnan provinces were collected and analyzed in parallel by conventional PCR, SCBIMV-qPCR, and SCBMOV-qPCR. The SCBIMV-qPCR and SCBMOV-qPCR assays indicated that 50% (88/176) and 47% (83/176) samples tested positive, respectively, whereas only 29% (51/176) tested positive with conventional PCR with the primer pairs SCBV-F and SCBV-R. We demonstrate for the first time that SCBIMV and SCBMOV occur in China and reveal coinfection of both Badnavirus species in 29% (51/176) of tested leaf samples. Our findings supply sensitive and reliable qPCR assays for the detection and quantitation of SCBV in sugarcane quarantine programs.

Kernel hardness (KH) is one of the primary quality parameters for common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and has a major impact on milling, flour quality, and end-product properties. In addition to Puroindoline (Pin) mutations and differences in Pin expression, other factors, such as kernel size and protein-related traits, play noticeable roles in determining hardness, but at the quantitative trait locus (QTL) level, the influence of these factors remains unclear. In this study, genetic relationships between KH and kernel size traits and between KH and protein-related traits were demonstrated by unconditional and conditional mapping using a wheat 90K genotyping assay with a segregating population of 173 recombinant inbred lines in four environments. Eight additive QTL for KH were detected using unconditional QTL mapping analysis; these QTL were primarily distributed on chromosomes 4B, 5A, 5B, and 6D, with phenotypic variation that ranged from 0.2 to 17.7%. In addition, one pair of epistatic QTL (QKH3B.4-65/QKH4B.6-2) was identified by unconditional mapping, and this pair accounted for 1.6% of the phenotypic variation. Through conditional mapping, after excluding the influences of kernel size and protein-related traits, 14 QTL were discovered and accounted for 0.6–18.5% of the phenotypic variation. Of them, the stable QTL QKH4B.4-17 made the largest contribution, which was partially contributed by the kernel length (KL), kernel thickness (KT), and dry gluten content (DGC). Furthermore, QKH4B.4-17 was crucially contributed by the kernel width (KW), kernel diameter (KD), kernel protein content (KPC), and wet gluten content (WGC) and was independent of the sedimentation volume (SV) and gluten index (GI). Another major QTL, QKH5B.10-63, was independent of the KW and KT; partly due to the variations in KL, KD, DGC, and WGC; and conclusively contributed by the KPC, SV, and GI. Seven additional QTL were only detected in the conditional analysis and were crucially contributed by kernel size or protein-related traits. These results demonstrated that kernel size and protein-related traits play significant roles in determining KH. The present study increases the understanding of the relationships between KH and kernel size and between KH and protein-related traits at the QTL level.

Mosaic diseases of sugarcane caused by various viruses have been reported in most sugarcane planting countries and threaten global sugar production. There is a lack of extensive, systematic investigation of mosaic diseases and their causal viruses in China. In this study, a total of 901 leaf samples showing mosaic symptoms were collected from commercial fields in eight provincial regions in China and tested for sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), and maize yellow mosaic virus (MaYMV) using RT-PCR with four specific primer pairs. Of 901 tested samples, 38.5% (347/901) of samples were infected with one of the four viruses alone. Infection by two or more viruses was seen for 42.6% (384/901) of samples. The highest incidence of virus-causing sugarcane mosaic disease was SrMV (70.1%), followed by SCMV (33.4%) and SCSMV (30.3%), and the lowest incidence was seen for MaYMV (5.1%). Three viruses (SrMV, SCMV, and SCSMV) were found in eight sugarcane-planting provinces, whereas MaYMV was only found in Fujian, Guangxi, and Sichuan provinces. Mixed infections of the three main viruses, particularly for SrMV + SCMV and SrMV + SCSMV, were commonly found in the sugarcane samples. Our systematic determination of the occurrence and distribution of four RNA viruses associated with sugarcane mosaic diseases can provide evidence to guide the development of strategies for the prevention and control of sugarcane mosaic diseases in China.

Antiresorptive therapies, such as bisphosphonates, estrogens, selective estrogen receptor modulators, calcitonin and denosumab, are used to increase bone strength in individuals with osteoporosis. However, no single antiresorptive therapy is appropriate for all patients or clearly superior to other therapies. This Review describes the advances in our understanding of antiresorptive therapies and summarizes the benefits and risks associated with various drugs with an antiresorptive effect. Antiresorptive therapies are used to increase bone strength in individuals with osteoporosis and include five principal classes of agents: bisphosphonates, estrogens, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), calcitonin and monoclonal antibodies such as denosumab. However, no head-to-head studies have compared different antiresorptive agents using fracture as an end point. Bisphosphonates, which have proven antifracture efficacy and a good safety profile, are the most widely used first-line antiresorptive therapy and are recommended for patients with osteoporosis, a prior fragility fracture or osteopenia, as well as individuals with a high risk of fracture. Denosumab, which also has good antifracture efficacy, is another possible first-line therapy, although long-term safety data are lacking. However, no single antiresorptive therapy is currently appropriate for all patients or clearly superior to other therapies. Antiresorptive agents such as estrogens, SERMs (in postmenopausal women) and calcitonin are considered to be second-line agents that are appropriate in special circumstances. Clinicians should determine the most appropriate pharmacological therapy after a careful assessment of the risk:benefit profiles of these drugs in each patient. In addition, patients should receive a detailed explanation of the treatment goals, so that the therapeutic benefit can be maximized through good compliance and persistence. Key Points Several antiresorptive agents can safely reduce fracture risk in various high-risk populations Bisphosphonates or denosumab should be recommended as first-line therapy for patients with osteoporosis Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are currently not used as first-line therapy except, occasionally, in postmenopausal women aged <60 years who have a moderately increased fracture risk Short-term, low-dose estrogen treatment can be considered in newly postmenopausal women aged <60 years who also have menopausal symptoms Given its limited antifracture efficacy, calcitonin is only recommended in some circumstances, such as in patients who are unable to take other agents Selection of the most appropriate therapy for a specific patient should take into account relevant factors such as adverse effects, dosing regimen, cost and the patient's preference