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Urban-rural integration has been found to be an inevitable trend in the development of urban-rural relations and a vital measure to tackle the unbalanced and uncoordinated development between urban and rural areas. Most existing studies on the development of urban-rural integration have only estimated its level and factors and compared the heterogeneity of cities in sample regions. Few studies have focused on the interactions between different categories of urban-rural integration levels. Accordingly, to fill the above research gap, an evaluation index system of the development of urban-rural integration is built in this study from four economic-social-spatial-ecological dimensions, the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the development of urban-rural integration in 27 central cities in the Yangtze River Delta region between 2003 and 2020 are analyzed, and the intrinsic dynamic shock effects are empirically investigated using a panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model. This study suggests the following points: (1) the development of urban-rural integration in the Yangtze River Delta region tends to increase while fluctuating and experiences an evolutionary process of “severe dysfunction–moderate dysfunction–mild dysfunction”, with an overall positive development trend. (2) In the study period, the agglomeration effect of the level of the development of urban-rural integration in the Yangtze River Delta has been strengthened continuously, and the overall spatial distribution pattern has changed from “low level, low gap” to “high level, high gap”, showing the characteristics of decreasing class distribution step by step, with Shanghai and Anqing as the markers from east to west. (3) All the endogenous variables of the development of urban-rural integration show a continuous positive response to their own shocks, thus suggesting that the respective variable has a certain path dependence on itself. Shocks of urban-rural ecological integration are capable of boosting the improvement of urban-rural economic integration and urban-rural social integration development, and shocks of urban-rural social integration contribute to the improvement of urban-rural ecological integration. The important policy implication of this study is that an intra-regional linkage and coordination mechanism should be built in the future, while the focus should be placed on the heterogeneity of regional development, and policies and measures regarding development of urban-rural integration in a disaggregated manner should be developed, so as to facilitate the improvement of the level of regional development of urban-rural integration.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in developing countries, and China bears the largest global burden of stroke. This study aims to investigate the relationship between different dimensions of physical activity levels and stroke risk using a nationally representative database. We performed a cross-sectional analysis using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2020. Binary logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations between different dimensions of physical activity levels (intensity, frequency, duration, and total physical activity (TPA)) and stroke risk in Chinese middle-aged and older adults. Subgroups were analyzed according to participants’ age, sex, residency, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes stratification. The results showed that after adjusting for all covariates, almost all frequencies and durations of moderate physical activity (MPA), and high-frequency and long-duration vigorous physical activity (VPA) were associated with lower stroke risk. No significant relationship was observed between light physical activity (LPA) and stroke risk. TPA was categorized into quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4). Compared with the first quartile, the third and fourth quartiles were significantly associated with lower stroke risk, with risk reductions of 35% (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.84) and 42% (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.44–0.76), respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed differences in the association between TPA and stroke risk in different populations, and the interaction test indicated no significant interactions between these variables and TPA. Our findings suggested that appropriate participation in physical activity is effective in preventing stroke in middle-aged and older adults. Both MPA and high-frequency or long-duration VPA were significantly associated with lower stroke risk, and keeping TPA at a high level was significantly associated with lower stroke risk.

Background Low temperature restricts the planting range of all crops, but cold acclimation induces adaption to cold stress in many plants. Camellia sinensis , a perennial evergreen tree that is the source of tea, is mainly grown in warm areas. Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (CSS) has greater cold tolerance than Camellia sinensis var. assamica (CSA). To gain deep insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying cold adaptation, we investigated the physiological responses and transcriptome profiles by RNA-Seq in two tea varieties, cold resistant SCZ (classified as CSS) and cold susceptible YH9 (classified as CSA), during cold acclimation. Results Under freezing stress, lower relative electrical conductivity and higher chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) values were detected in SCZ than in YH9 when subjected to freezing acclimation. During cold treatment, 6072 and 7749 DEGs were observed for SCZ and YH9, respectively. A total of 978 DEGs were common for both SCZ and YH9 during the entire cold acclimation process. DEGs were enriched in pathways of photosynthesis, hormone signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation of plant-pathogen interactions. Further analyses indicated that decreased expression of Lhca2 and higher expression of SnRK2.8 are correlated with cold tolerance in SCZ. Conclusions Compared with CSA, CSS was significantly more resistant to freezing after cold acclimation, and this increased resistance was associated with an earlier expression of cold-induced genes. Because the greater transcriptional differentiation during cold acclimation in SCZ may contribute to its greater cold tolerance, our studies identify specific genes involved in photoinhibition, ABA signal conduction, and plant immunity that should be studied for understanding the processes involved in cold tolerance. Marker-assisted breeding focused on the allelic variation at these loci provides an avenue for the possible generation of CSA cultivars that have CSS-level cold tolerance.

There is a consensus among scholars that low-carbon development has become the means to achieve sustainable development in China. The Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (YRDUA) undoubtedly plays a key role in advancing this goal. This study brings government environmental governance (GEG), green finance (GF), and carbon emission performance (CEP) into a unified theoretical framework. The research object is comprised of 26 cities in the YRDUA, from 2010 to 2021. In addition, a coupling coordination model, Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition method, and a panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model are used for in-depth analysis. The results indicate: (1) the coupling coordination degree (CCD) of GEG, GF, and CEP has experienced a leap-forward promotion of “primary coordination→modern coordination.” However, high-quality coordinated development is far from being realized, and the whole is in the primary coordination stage. (2) The spatial differences of CCD are obvious, showing an overall pattern of “multi-core” radiation and an interregional pattern of “high in the east and low in the west.” (3) Finally, GEG, GF, and CEP show a strong trend of development according to their own inertia and self-strengthening characteristics; the interaction among them is also gradually becoming stable. Based on the research findings, this study offers targeted recommendations to promote sustainable development in the YRD further.

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization and the continuous improvement of social productivity, people are increasingly demanding a higher quality of the living environment. Based on existing research, this study built a compiled index system to evaluate the quality of natural living environment (NLEQ). Thereafter, the spatiotemporal characteristics of NLEQ were analyzed using a panel regression analysis, to explore the mechanism of urbanization through the multi-dimensional method of system–subsystem–factors. The results show that NLEQ significantly improved from 2008 to 2017; resource-environmental quality (REQ) had a north–south difference, while environmental pollution governance (EPG) had an east–west difference due to the different influences of urbanization on NLEQ, REQ, and EPG. Industrial urbanization had a significant influence on REQ, and population urbanization and land urbanization had a significant influence on EPG. These results suggest that more attention should be paid to resource conservation and pollution treatment in the context of rapid urbanization. This article describes the evaluation of NLEQ and discusses the relationship between urbanization and NLEQ from a geographical perspective. It is of critical reference to study regional development imbalances in the natural living environment, in order to construct an ecological civilization.

China’s rural population flowing into highly urbanized areas has led to the spatial reconstruction of urban–rural land use. Exploring the laws and trends of urban–rural land use in highly urbanized areas is of great significance in promoting rural transformation. This paper takes the southern Jiangsu region as a research area and uses a system dynamics (SD) model to simulate the demand for different land types based on economic, social, policy, and environmental (ESPE) factors. Future land use simulation (FLUS) is used to simulate the spatial evolution trend of urban–rural land use based on point–axis elements. The results show that the agricultural production space is severely squeezed by the urban living space. Under the scenario of rapid expansion, the decrease in arable land quantity and the demand area for rural residential areas are the largest. Under the scenario of high-quality development, the decrease in arable land area and the demand for land in rural residential areas are lowest. Based on the spatial simulation, it is reported that the areas with more intense land use spatial reconstruction in the three scenarios are mainly concentrated in the region’s urban–rural border areas. The future evolution of urban–rural land is summarized into three models: (1) single-center-driving expansion, (2) patchy expansion near the city center, and (3) multi-center-driving expansion. This paper proposes targeted policy recommendations to provide a scientific reference for solving the conflict between urban and rural land use.

AdaBoost is a famous ensemble learning method and has achieved successful applications in many fields. The existing studies illustrate that AdaBoost easily suffers from noisy points, resulting in a decline of classification performance. The main reason is that it increases the weights of all misclassified samples (especially noisy points) in the same way so that the influence of noisy points can hardly be weakened. In this paper, the clustering algorithm is used to dynamically decide noisy points in the process of iterations. More precisely, we compute a misclassification degree for every cluster in every iteration that is used to decide if a misclassified sample is a noisy point or not in the current iteration. Furthermore, we propose a flexible method to update the weights of the misclassified samples. The experimental results on 22 public datasets show that our method achieves better results than the state-of-the-art methods including AdaBoost, AdaCoast, LogitBoost, and SPLBoost. We also apply our method to the transactions fraud detection, and the experiments on our real big dataset of transactions also illustrate its good performance.

Cold environment is the main constraint for tea plants (Camellia sinensis) distribution and tea farming. We identified two tea cultivars, called var. sinensis cv. Shuchazao (SCZ) with a high cold-tolerance and var. assamica cv. Yinghong9 (YH9) with low cold-tolerance. To better understand the response mechanism of tea plants under cold stress for improving breeding, we compared physiological and biochemical responses, and associated genes expression in response to 7-day and 14-day cold acclimation, followed by 7-day de-acclimation in these two tea cultivars. We found that the low EL50, low Fv/Fm, and high sucrose and raffinose accumulation are responsible for higher cold tolerance in SCZ comparing with YH9. We then measured the expression of 14 key homologous genes, known as involved in these responses in other plants, for each stages of treatment in both cultivars using RT-qPCR. Our results suggested that the increased expression of CsCBF1 and CsDHNs coupling with the accumulation of sucrose play key roles in conferring higher cold resistance in SCZ. Our findings have revealed key genes regulation responsible for cold resistance, which help to understand the cold-resistant mechanisms and guide breeding in tea plants.

Economic development often leads to the misallocation of labor resources, so reforming the way land is allocated is important for developing a strategy to address the insufficient supply and oversupply of labor in China. This paper uses panel regression analysis to quantitatively measure the effect of the market supply of construction land (MSCL) on labor resources misallocation (LMIS). The results show that LMIS decreased year-by-year during the study period. The development of the MSCL can effectively reduce LMIS. The negative effect of the MSCL in the central region is greater than that in the eastern region, and the negative effect in the western region is the smallest. There is a single-threshold effect on the impact of the MSCL on LMIS. Specifically, when the MSCL is less than 18,045 hectares, the impact effect is −0.324, and when the MSCL is higher than 18,045 hectares, the effect is not significant. Moreover, the impact of the MSCL on LMIS has a spatial spillover effect, which is greater than the direct effect. Labor resources tend to migrate to economically developed areas, not just adjacent areas. These conclusions are of great significance for reducing LMIS from the perspective of land system reform in China.

•How do victim's attitudes shape transgressor's reactive guilt and anger?•We addressed this question by combining an interactive task with fMRI.•Expectation violation contributed to transgressor's reactive guilt and anger.•Reactive guilt and anger shared a neural representation in ventral striatum.•Neural re-appraisal of guilt in transgressor was triggered by victim's attitude. Would a transgressor be guiltier or less after receiving the victim's forgiving or blaming attitude? Everyday intuitions and empirical evidence are mixed in this regard, leaving how interpersonal attitudes shape the transgressor's reactive social emotions an open question. We combined a social interactive game with multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data to address this question. Participants played an interactive game in an fMRI scanner where their incorrect responses could cause either high or low pain stimulation to an anonymous co-player. Following incorrect responses, participants were presented with the co-player's (i.e., the victim's) attitude towards the harm (Blame, Forgive, or Neutral). Behaviorally, the victim's attitude and the severity of harm interactively modulated the transgressor's social emotions, with expectation violation serving as a mediator. While unexpected forgiveness following severe harm amplified the participants’ guilt, unexpected blame following minor harm reduced the participants’ guilt and increased their anger. This role of expectation violation was supported by multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI, revealing a shared neural representation in ventral striatum in the processing of victim's attitude-induced guilt and anger. Moreover, we identified a neural re-appraisal process of guilt in the transgressor, with the involvement of area related to self-conscious processing (i.e., perigenual anterior cingulate cortex) before knowing the victim's attitude transiting to the involvement of other-regarding related area (i.e., temporoparietal junction) after knowing the victim's attitude. These findings uncover the neurocognitive bases underlying the transgressor's social emotional responses, and highlight the importance of the mutuality of social emotions.