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Abstract Background: Telesurgery has the potential to overcome spatial limitations for surgeons, which depends on surgical robot and the quality of network communication. However, the influence of network latency and bandwidth on telesurgery is not well understood. Methods: A telesurgery system capable of dynamically adjusting image compression ratios in response to bandwidth changes was established between Beijing and Sanya (Hainan province), covering a distance of 3000 km. In total, 108 animal operations, including 12 surgical procedures, were performed. Total latency ranging from 170 ms to 320 ms and bandwidth from 15–20 Mbps to less than 1 Mbps were explored using designed surgical tasks and hemostasis models for renal vein and internal iliac artery rupture bleeding. Network latency, jitter, frame loss, and bit rate code were systemically measured during these operations. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and a self-designed scale measured the workload and subjective perception of surgeons. Results: All 108 animal telesurgeries, conducted from January 2023 to June 2023, were performed effectively over a total duration of 3866 min. The operations were completed with latency up to 320 ms and bandwidths as low as 1–5 Mbps. Hemostasis for vein and artery rupture bleeding models was effectively achieved under these low bandwidth conditions. The NASA-TLX results indicated that latency significantly impacted surgical performance more than bandwidth and image clarity reductions. Conclusions: This telesurgery system demonstrated safety and reliability. A total of 320 ms latency is acceptable for telesurgery operations. Reducing image clarity can effectively mitigate the potential latency increase caused by decreased bandwidth, offering a new method to reduce the impact of latency on telesurgery.

The small diameter thin-walled TA2 titanium tubes are used in a technical renovation project. In order to ensure the performance of the product, the automatic GTAW welding process is adopted by analyzing the weldability of TA2 titanium tubes. The process qualification tests such as appearance inspection, nondestructive testing, mechanical properties and metallographic examination are carried out. The test results show that the welding joint with good performance can be obtained by reasonable welding procedure parameters and strict gas protection measures. The welding procedure and related measures can be used as a reference for manufacture and installation of titanium pipes.

In order to improve efficiency and reduce costs, the new PAW plus GTAW method for R60702 zirconium plates used in acetic acid production unit is analyzed. The microstructure and mechanical properties are tested by PAW procedure. Through the test analysis and the measured data in the practical application, the butt joint welded by the PAW procedure can satisfy the standard requirements of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance. The success of the welding procedure qualification shows that the new PAW plus GTAW method has great advantages over the traditional GTAW method.

The welding characteristics of zirconium tube-to-tubesheet, the joint structure and quality influencing factors are analyzed in the paper. The automatic pulsed GTAW procedure are formulated and examined by welding sample test. The tube-to-tubesheet procedure is qualified by joint surface inspection, joint sections observation, height measurement of the weld metal and metallographic examination. It has the great significance of the successful welding procedure qualification to guide the actual manufacture of R60702 zirconium heat exchanger.

Fanastomig (also known as EMB‐02) is a bispecific antibody targeting programmed cell death protein‐1(PD‐1) and lymphocyte activation gene‐3 (LAG‐3), developed for the treatment of advanced solid tumors. A first‐in‐human (FIH) Phase I study (NCT04618393) evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy of Fanastomig in patients with advanced solid tumors. To determine the recommended Phase II dose (RP2D), population pharmacokinetics (PopPK), and exposure and response analysis (E‐R) were conducted. The PopPK model, demonstrating good performance, showed no clinically meaningful relationship between areas under the concentration–time curve (AUC) or maximum concentration (Cmax) of Fanastomig and selected covariates of interest. A nonlinear Emax model was fitted to Fanastomig PD‐1 receptor occupancy (RO) in the peripheral blood compartment. The estimated half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) was 0.084 μg/mL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0369–0.131). Assuming a threefold lower exposure in tumor tissue compared to that in serum, a target trough concentration of Fanastomig at ~2.27 μg/mL would be needed for 90% PD‐1 RO in the tumor. Modeling and simulation indicated that a weekly dosing (QW) of 360 mg would achieve full peripheral blood RO in approximately 90% of patients. The incidence of anti‐drug antibodies (ADAs) for Fanastomig was high (95.7%, 44/46), with a negative correlation between the ADA titer and dose levels; meanwhile, ADA minimally impacted PK exposure and efficacy. An inverse trend was observed between anaphylaxis and PK exposure. Fanastomig was well tolerated and had acceptable safety profiles up to 900 mg QW. Based on these findings, two dosing regimens have been selected for further clinical development. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04618393

Highly dispersed platinum nanoparticles were deposited on gram quantities of non-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) in a fluidized bed reactor at 300 °C. (Methylcyclopentadienyl) trimethylplatinum and oxygen were used as precursors. The results of TEM analysis showed that ~1.3 nm Pt nanoparticles were highly dispersed on non-functionalized MWCNTs. The porous structures of MWCNTs did not change with the deposition of Pt nanoparticles. For comparison, the commercial 3 wt% Pt/C catalyst was also characterized. The ALD-prepared Pt/MWCNT was used for the hydrogenation of xylose to xylitol. The ALD-prepared Pt/MWCNT showed the best catalytic performance with 100 % conversion of xylose and 99.3 % selectivity to xylitol, compared to commercially available Pt/C, Ru/C, and Raney Ni catalysts. The stability of ALD produced Pt/MWCNT catalyst was higher than that of the commercial Pt/C, due to the presence of surface defects on the MWCNTs and the strong metal–support interaction for the ALD-prepared Pt/MWCNT catalyst.

10-Dehydroxyl-12-demethoxy-conophylline is a natural anticancer candidate. The motivation of this study was to explore the pharmacokinetic profiles, tissue distribution, and plasma protein binding of 10-dehydroxyl-12-demethoxy-conophylline in Sprague Dawley rats. A rapid, sensitive, and specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system with a fluorescence (FLR) detection method was developed for the determination of 10-dehydroxyl-12-demethoxy-conophylline in different rat biological samples. After intravenous (i.v.) dosing of 10-dehydroxyl-12-demethoxy-conophylline at different levels (4, 8, and 12 mg/kg), the half-life t1/2α of intravenous administration was about 7 min and the t1/2β was about 68 min. The AUC0→∞ increased in a dose-proportional manner from 68.478 μg/L·min for 4 mg/kg to 305.616 mg/L·min for 12 mg/kg. After intragastrical (i.g.) dosing of 20 mg/kg, plasma levels of 10-dehydroxyl-12-demethoxy-conophylline peaked at about 90 min. 10-dehydroxyl-12-demethoxy-conophyllinea absolute oral bioavailability was only 15.79%. The pharmacokinetics process of the drug was fit to a two-room model. Following a single i.v. dose (8 mg/kg), 10-dehydroxyl-12-demethoxy-conophylline was detected in all examined tissues with the highest in kidney, liver, and lung. Equilibrium dialysis was used to evaluate plasma protein binding of 10-dehydroxyl-12-demethoxy-conophylline at three concentrations (1.00, 2.50, and 5.00 µg/mL). Results indicated a very high protein binding degree (over 80%), reducing substantially the free fraction of the compound.

The fracture reason of the autoclave sterilizer was analyzed by metallographic examination, fracture analysis and chemical composition analysis. The results showed that failure of the autoclave sterilizer was due to stress concentration at the closed angle of poor fusion area by cyclic stress via vacuumizing and filling water vapor.

In order to satisfy the corrosion resistance requirement, the original pipe material of a heat exchanger is replaced by BFe30-1-1white copper. Based on analysis of the welding characteristics, joint structure and factors affecting the welding quality of BFe30-1-1 tube-to-tubesheet, the welding procedure is made. The morphology inspection, test of pull-off strength, metallographic structure examination and hardness test of the tube-to-tubesheet joints which is welded according to the welding procedure, can satisfy the standard and design requirements. The success of the test provides a good reference for the welding quality control of white copper heat exchangers.

The S30408 tube bundle of methanol condensation recovery heat exchanger in a chemical company was found leaked during use. The cause of tube bundle leakage was analyzed by means of macroscopic inspection, chemical composition analysis, metallographic analysis, hardness test and leakage fracture analysis. The results show that formic acid and chloride condensate are formed by the exhaust gas in the shell side near the outlet of the shell side, which results in the spot corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of the tubes. Surface coating or replaced material is recommended to prevent such failure.