Explore the vast range of titles available.

Porcine rotavirus A (PoRVA) is an enteric pathogen capable of causing severe diarrhea in suckling piglets. Investigating the prevalence and molecular characteristics of PoRVA in the world, including China, is of significance for disease prevention. In 2022, a total of 25,768 samples were collected from 230 farms across China, undergoing porcine RVA positivity testing. The results showed that 86.52% of the pig farms tested positive for porcine RVA, with an overall positive rate of 51.15%. Through the genetic evolution analysis of VP7, VP4 and VP6 genes, it was revealed that G9 is the predominant genotype within the VP7 segment, constituting 56.55%. VP4 genotypes were identified as P[13] (42.22%), P[23] (25.56%) and P[7] (22.22%). VP6 exhibited only two genotypes, namely I5 (88.81%) and I1 (11.19%). The prevailing genotype combination for RVA was determined as G9P[23]I5. Additionally, some RVA strains demonstrated significant homology between VP7, VP4 and VP6 genes and human RV strains, indicating the potential for human RV infection in pigs. Based on complete genome sequencing analysis, a special PoRVA strain, CHN/SD/LYXH2/2022/G4P[6]I1, had high homology with human RV strains, revealing genetic reassortment between human and porcine RV strains in vivo. Our data indicate the high prevalence, major genotypes, and cross-species transmission of porcine RVA in China. Therefore, the continuous monitoring of porcine RVA prevalence is essential, providing valuable insights for virus prevention and control, and supporting the development of candidate vaccines against porcine RVA.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is diarrhea caused by disturbances in intestinal microbiota and metabolism following inappropriate use of antibiotics. With the over-reliance on antibiotics, the incidence of AAD is increasing worldwide. Recently, the role of probiotics and prebiotic preparations in the prevention and treatment of AAD has received increasing attention. Various prebiotics can not only reduce the incidence of AAD, but also effectively shorten the course of the disease and alleviate the symptoms. Notably, many polysaccharides derived from plants and fungi are a class of biologically active and rich prebiotics with great potential to alleviate AAD. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the latest research on natural product polysaccharides to alleviate antibiotic-associated diarrhea by modulating the gut microbiota. It provides a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism of natural product modulation of gut microbiota to alleviate AAD, and provides a reference for further development of active prebiotics.

The head-on collision of a planar shock wave with a dust-air suspension is studied numerically. In this study the suspension is placed inside a conduit adjacent to its rigid end-wall. It is shown that as a result of this collision two different types of transmitted shock waves are possible, depending on the strength of the incident shock wave and the dust loading ratio in the suspension. One possibility is a partially dispersed shock wave, the other is a compression wave. The flow fields resulting in these two options are investigated. It is shown that in both cases, at late times after the head-on reflection of the transmitted shock wave from the conduit end-wall a negative flow (away from the end-wall) is evident. The observed flow behavior may suggest a kind of dust particle lifting mechanism that could shed new light on the complex phenomenon of dust entrainment behind sliding shock waves.

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) of phenolics was investigated from marigold ( Tagetes erecta L.) flower residues. The total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant capacities of extracts were determined, furthermore, antioxidant activities of individual compounds were evaluated with on-line HPLC–ABTS •+ system. The optimum SWE time was 45 min, solid-to-liquid ratio was 1:50, and the highest TPC and TFC were obtained at 220 °C respectively. The effect of SWE temperature on TPC and TFC was significant ( p  < 0.05), and TPC was ranged from 28.42 ± 0.94 to 124.27 ± 1.94 (mg GAE/g), and TFC ranged from 34.21 ± 0.36 to 133.22 ± 1.57 (mg GAE/g) between 80 and 220 °C. On-line HPLC–ABTS •+ profiles revealed that quercetagetin from SWE at 200 °C had nearly twofold radical scavenging activities than that by leaching extraction.

In order to solve the problems of wheel locking and loss of vehicle control due to understeering or oversteering during the braking energy-recovery process of the hydraulic regenerative braking system (HRBS), aiming at the characteristics of chassis domain control that can realize coordinated work among various chassis systems, a cooperative control strategy of HRBS based on chassis domain control was proposed. Firstly, a HRBS test bench was built, and the accuracy of the simulation model was verified by comparing it with the test. Next, the proposed cooperative control strategy was designed, which coordinates the wheel anti-lock actuation system (WAAS) to adjust the wheel cylinder pressure to solve the wheel locking problem of HRBS in the process of braking energy recovery and coordinate the vehicle anti-loss control actuation system (VACAS) to generate a yaw compensation moment to solve the vehicle loss of the control problem of HRBS in the process of braking energy recovery by detecting the wheel slip ratio, yaw rate and sideslip angle. Finally, the established control strategy was verified through the co-simulation of Carsim and Matlab software, and the results showed that the control strategy proposed in this paper could not only avoid wheel locking and loss of vehicle control during turning braking on low-adhesion roads, but also improve the energy-recovery efficiency by 29.64% compared with a vehicle that only controls the slip ratio.

In order to reduce the energy consumption caused by the frequent braking of vehicles at signalized intersections, an optimized speed trajectory control method is proposed, based on braking energy recovery efficiency (BERE) in connection with an automated system for vehicle real-time interaction with roadside facilities and regional central control. Our objectives were as follows; firstly, to establish the simulation model of the hybrid energy regenerative braking system (HERBS) and to verify it by bench test. Secondly, to build up the genetic algorithm (GA) optimization model for the deceleration stopping of the HERBS. Then, to obtain signal light status and timing information to be the constraints; the BERE is to be the optimized objective, resulting in optimization for the speed trajectory under the deceleration stopping condition of a single signalized intersection. Finally, vehicle simulations in ADVISOR software are utilized to validate the optimization results. The results show that the BERE during deceleration stopping at a single signalized intersection after the speed trajectory optimization is 36.21% higher than that of inexperienced drivers, and 7.82% higher than that of experienced drivers.

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) of phenolics was investigated from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flower residues. The total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant capacities of extracts were determined, furthermore, antioxidant activities of individual compounds were evaluated with on-line HPLC-ABTS^sup *+^ system. The optimum SWE time was 45 min, solid-to-liquid ratio was 1:50, and the highest TPC and TFC were obtained at 220 °C respectively. The effect of SWE temperature on TPC and TFC was significant (p<0.05), and TPC was ranged from 28.42±0.94 to 124.27±1.94 (mg GAE/g), and TFC ranged from 34.21±0.36 to 133.22±1.57 (mg GAE/g) between 80 and 220 °C. On-line HPLC-ABTS^sup *+^ profiles revealed that quercetagetin from SWE at 200 °C had nearly twofold radical scavenging activities than that by leaching extraction.

Voltage-gated sodium (Na V ) channels initiate action potentials. Fast inactivation of Na V channels, mediated by an Ile-Phe-Met motif, is crucial for preventing hyperexcitability and regulating firing frequency. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structure of Na V Eh from the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi , which reveals an unexpected molecular gating mechanism for Na V channel fast inactivation independent of the Ile-Phe-Met motif. An N-terminal helix of Na V Eh plugs into the open activation gate and blocks it. The binding pose of the helix is stabilized by multiple electrostatic interactions. Deletion of the helix or mutations blocking the electrostatic interactions completely abolished the fast inactivation. These strong interactions enable rapid inactivation, but also delay recovery from fast inactivation, which is ~160-fold slower than human Na V channels. Together, our results provide mechanistic insights into fast inactivation of Na V Eh that fundamentally differs from the conventional local allosteric inhibition, revealing both surprising structural diversity and functional conservation of ion channel inactivation. Voltage-gated sodium channels mediate electrical signaling. Here, authors report the cryo-EM structure of Na V Eh from the marine plant Emiliania huxleyi, revealing an unexpected mechanism of N-type fast inactivation.

Plants have evolved sophisticated systems in response to environmental changes, and growth arrest is a common strategy used to enhance stress tolerance. Despite the growth–survival trade-off being essential to the shaping of plant productivity, the mechanisms balancing growth and survival remain largely unknown. Aquaporins play a crucial role in growth and stress responses by controlling water transport across membranes. Here, we show that RhPIP2;1, an aquaporin from rose ( Rosa sp.), interacts with a membrane-tethered MYB protein, RhPTM. Water deficiency triggers nuclear translocation of the RhPTM C terminus. Silencing of RhPTM causes continuous growth under drought stress and a consequent decrease in survival rate. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) indicated that RhPTM influences the expression of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism. Water deficiency induces phosphorylation of RhPIP2;1 at Ser 273, which is sufficient to promote nuclear translocation of the RhPTM C terminus. These results indicate that the RhPIP2;1-RhPTM module serves as a key player in orchestrating the trade-off between growth and stress survival in Rosa . Functional interaction between an aquaporin and a membrane-tethered growth suppressor MYB transcription factor leads to activation of the latter, establishing a link between hydraulics and transcriptional control.

Age, as a threshold of floral competence acquisition, prevents precocious flowering when there is insufficient biomass, and ensures flowering independent of environmental conditions; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, silencing the expression of a nuclear factor gene, CmNF-YB8 , from the short day plant chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium ), results in precocious transition from juvenile to adult, as well as early flowering, regardless of day length conditions. The expression of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL) family members, SPL3 , SPL5 , and SPL9 , is upregulated in CmNF-YB8 -RNAi plants, while expression of the microRNA, cmo - MIR156 , is downregulated. In addition, CmNF-YB8 is shown to bind to the promoter of the cmo-MIR156 gene. Ectopic expression of cmo-miR156, using a virus-based microRNA expression system, restores the early flowering phenotype caused by CmNF-YB8 silencing. These results show that CmNF-YB8 influences flowering time through directly regulating the expression of cmo-MIR156 in the aging pathway. The mechanisms by which plant age regulates flowering remain incompletely understood. Here the authors show that age dependent regulation of SPL transcription factors by miR156 influence flowering via control of NF-YB8 expression in Chrysanthemum.