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In June 2019, a man presented with fever and severe illness in Inner Mongolia. An orthonairovirus was identified as a potential cause. This agent was identified in an additional 16 patients and was found in ticks.

► Single dose of A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine stimulates antibody mean lives of 8.35 months. ► Natural infections had lower antibody level and longer duration than vaccination. ► Pre-vaccination with seasonal flu vaccine led to antibody reduction to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. ► Pre-vaccination with A(H1N1)pdm09 had no effect on seasonal influenza vaccination. The long-term immunogenicity after novel vaccine against A(H1N1)pdm09 administration or natural infection has not been well investigated. Six cohorts of subjects were followed up for over one year: one-dose A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine recipient, A(H1N1)pdm09-seasonal trivalent vaccine recipients in different orders, confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 patients without vaccination, with previous A(H1N1)pdm09 or seasonal influenza vaccination. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sera samples were collected at baseline and month 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 after vaccination (infection). The immunogenicity was determined by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and B cell enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. Single dose of A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited antibody titer of greater than 1:40 in 40% adults for 1 year and mean live of this adequate antibody was determined as 8.35 months. In contrast, responses after natural infections had lower peaking level and a relatively longer antibody duration, with estimated mean lives of 11.8 months. Pre-vaccination with the seasonal flu vaccine led to a significant reduction in HI titer to A(H1N1)pdm09 one month after vaccination, while pre-vaccination with A(H1N1)pdm09 had no effect on seasonal influenza vaccination. Seasonal flu vaccination followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 infection elicited boosting effect on antibody response against A(H1N1)pdm09. A similar memory B cell response was elicited from both vaccination and infection by ELISPOT assay. The long-term decay of immunity for A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine and natural infection indicates the need of revaccination after the host lose protection acquired from either vaccination or infection. Prior infection, rather than the pre-vaccination with seasonal influenza could act on the host immunity to elicit boosting effect on the A(H1N1)pdm09.

Planococcus vovae (Nasonov, 1909) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) is a newly discovered invasive species in China, which seriously damage cupressaceous plants. To study the effects of host plants on the biology of this insect pest, the developmental history, survival rate, adult longevity, and egg production on 12 species of common cupressaceous plants were measured at 26 + 1°C, relative humidity 70 + 5%, photoperiod L:D = 14 h:10 h. A population life table was constructed, and population dynamic parameters such as net reproductive rate, innate capacity of increase, finite rate of natural increase, a population trend index, average generation time, and population doubling time were calculated. The results showed that the nymphs could not complete their growth and development on only two species, Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl., while they could complete their life cycle on 10 other species of the Cupressaceae. The developmental period of nymphs feeding on Juniperus formosana Hayata 'Blue Arrow' was significantly shorter than that of other cupressaceous plants, with male and female nymphs developing within 25.44 d and 25.18 d, respectively. It was concluded that P. vovae had certain differences in feeding and adaptability when feeding on different species of the Cupressaceae, and had the strongest adaptability on J. formosana 'Blue Arrow' while P. orientalis and С. lawsoniana were non-hosts of P. vovae.

Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) and antitumor/antiviral agents (DMXAA and CMA) trigger STING-dependent innate immunity activation. Accumulative evidences have showed that DMXAA and CMA selectively activate mouse, but not human STING signaling. The mechanism underlying this species selectivity remains poorly understood. In this report, we have shown that human and rat STINGs display more similar signaling profiles toward DMXAA and CMA than that of human and mouse STINGs, suggesting that rat is more suitable for preclinical testing of STING-targeted drugs. We have also determined the crystal structures of both apo rat STING and its complex with cyclic GMP-AMP with 2′5′ and 3′5′ phosphodiester linkage (2′3′-cGAMP), a human endogenous CDN. Structure-guided biochemical analysis also revealed the functional importance of the connecting loop (A140-N152) between membrane and cytosolic domains in STING activation. Taken together, these findings reveal that rat STING is more closely related to human STING in terms of substrate preference, serving as a foundation for the development of STING-targeted drugs.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have successfully treated a number of different types of cancer, which is of great significance for cancer treatment. With the widespread use of ICIs in clinical practice, the increasing checkpoint inhibitor pneumonia (CIP) will be a challenge to clinicians. To guide the diagnosis and treatment of CIP, we conducted in‐depth discussions based on the latest evidence, forming a consensus among Chinese experts on the multidisciplinary management of CIP. Chinese expert consensus on the multidisciplinary management of pneumonitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor.

Recent studies on the intercalation and exfoliation of layered clays with polymeric intercalating agents involving poly(oxypropylene)-amines and the particular uses for epoxy nanocomposites are reviewed. For intercalation, counter-ionic exchange reactions of clays including cationic layered silicates and anionic Al-Mg layered double hydroxide (LDH) with polymeric organic ions afforded organoclays led to spatial interlayer expansion from 12 to 92 Å (X-ray diffraction) as well as hydrophobic property. The inorganic clays of layered structure could be modified by the poly(oxypropylene)amine-salts as the intercalating agents with molecular weights ranging from 230 to 5,000 g/mol. Furthermore, natural montmorillonite (MMT) clay could be exfoliated into thin layer silicate platelets (ca. 1 nm thickness) in one step by using polymeric types of exfoliating agents. Different lateral dimensions of MMT, synthetic fluorinated Mica and LDH clays had been cured into epoxy nanocomposites. The hydrophobic amine-salt modification resulting in high spacing of layered or exfoliation of individual clay platelets is the most important factor for gaining significant improvements of properties. In particular, these modified clays were reported to gain significant improvements such as reduced coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), enhanced thermal stability, and hardness. The utilization of these layered clays for initiating the epoxy self-polymerization was also reported to have a unique compatibility between clay and organic resin matrix. However, the matrix domain lacks of covalently bonded crosslink and leads to the isolation of powder material. It is generally concluded that the hydrophobic expansion of the clay inter-gallery spacing is the crucial step for enhancing the compatibility and the ultimate preparation of the advanced epoxy materials.