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This paper presents a high-order structure-preserving difference scheme for the nonlinear space fractional sine-Gordon equation with damping, employing the triangular scalar auxiliary variable approach. The original equation is reformulated into an equivalent system that satisfies a modified energy conservation or dissipation law, significantly reducing the computational complexity of nonlinear terms. Temporal discretization is achieved using a second-order difference method, while spatial discretization utilizes a simple and easily implementable discrete approximation for the fractional Laplacian operator. The boundedness and convergence of the proposed numerical scheme under the maximum norm are rigorously analyzed, demonstrating its adherence to discrete energy conservation or dissipation laws. Numerical experiments validate the scheme’s effectiveness, structure-preserving properties, and capability for long-time simulations for both one- and two-dimensional problems. Additionally, the impact of the parameter ε on error dynamics is investigated.

Na 2 O - B 2 O 3 - SiO 2 - H 2 O system hydrated glass with T g ranges from - 10 to 150 ∘ C is synthesized by aqueous chemical methods and is applied to symmetrical cells as quasi-solid electrolyte. At the temperature around T g , the solid state transforms to quasi-solid state, whose mechanical property keeps like gel electrolyte, but the conductivity leaps from 5.31 × 10 - 6 S cm - 1 to 5.43 × 10 - 3 S cm - 1 , much higher than most of the glass–ceramic electrolytes. As most of the solvated water is evaporated, H 2 O left in the system distributes in the intervals as hydroxyl, which is much benefit to the ions transportation, and more important is to increase the voltage window to 2.24 V and even higher. The cycle performance is also researched. After 1000 circulations, there is still 65% capacity retention and no obvious damage is discovered in the electrolyte, which means much better cycle property of the electrolyte than gel electrolyte. Other compositions in the quasi-solid system including different contents of B 2 O 3 , Na 2 SO 4 and m in sodium silicate NaO 2 · mSiO 2 are also studied. In general, quasi-solid Na 2 O - B 2 O 3 - SiO 2 - H 2 O system owns better conductivity and cycle performance than most glass–ceramic solid electrolyte, and it is environment-friendly, inexpensive and practical to be used as sodium ions quasi-solid electrolyte.

Hematological malignancy develops and applies various mechanisms to induce immune escape, in part through an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Adenosine is an immunosuppressive metabolite produced at high levels within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Adenosine signaling through the A 2A receptor expressed on immune cells, such as T cells, potently dampens immune responses. Extracellular adenosine generated by ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (CD39) and ecto-5’-nucleotidase (CD73) molecules is a newly recognized ‘immune checkpoint mediator’ and leads to the identification of immunosuppressive adenosine as an essential regulator in hematological malignancies. In this Review, we provide an overview of the detailed distribution and function of CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes in the TME and the effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition on preclinical hematological malignancy data, which provides insights into the potential clinical applications for immunotherapy.

Secondary organic aerosol contributes a significant fraction to aerosol mass and toxicity. Low-volatility organic vapours are critical intermediates connecting the oxidation of volatile organic compounds to secondary organic aerosol formation. However, the direct measurement of intermediate vapours poses a great challenge. Here we present coordinated measurements of oxygenated organic molecules in the three most urbanized regions of China and determine their likely precursors, enabling us to connect secondary organic aerosol formation to various volatile organic compounds. We show that the oxidation of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds dominates oxygenated organic molecule formation, with an approximately 40% contribution from aromatics and a 40% contribution from aliphatic hydrocarbons (predominantly alkanes), a previously under-accounted class of volatile organic compounds. The irreversible condensation of these anthropogenic oxygenated organic molecules increases significantly in highly polluted conditions, accounting for a major fraction of the production of secondary organic aerosol. We find that the distribution of oxygenated organic molecules and their formation pathways are largely the same across the urbanized regions. This suggests that uniform mitigation strategies could be effective in solving air pollution issues across these highly populated city clusters. The formation of secondary organic aerosol in Chinese megacities is dominated by the condensation of anthropogenic organic vapours, according to measurements across three urbanized regions.

This study was performed to investigate the diagnostic value of radiomics models constructed by fat suppressed T2-weighted imaging (T2WI-FS) and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (CET1) based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for differentiation of osteosarcoma (OS) and chondrosarcoma (CS). In this retrospective cohort study, we included all inpatients with pathologically confirmed OS or CS from Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (Hunan, China) as of October 2020. Demographic and imaging variables were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between OS and CS group. Totals of 530 radiomics features were extracted from CET1 and T2WI-FS sequences based on MRI. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method was used for screening and dimensionality reduction of the radiomics model. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to construct the radiomics model, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was generated to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the radiomics model. The training cohort and validation cohort included 87 and 29 patients, respectively. 8 CET1 features and 15 T2WI-FS features were screened based on the radiomics features. In the training group, the area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) value for CET1 and T2WI-FS sequences in the radiomics model was 0.894 (95% CI 0.817–0.970) and 0.970 (95% CI 0.940–0.999), respectively. In the validation group, the AUC value for CET1 and T2WI-FS sequences in the radiomics model was 0.821 (95% CI 0.642–1.000) and 0.899 (95% CI 0.785–1.000), respectively. In this study, we developed a radiomics model based on T2WI-FS and CET1 sequences to differentiate between OS and CS. This model exhibits good performance and can help clinicians make decisions and optimize the use of healthcare resources.

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoblast dysfunction is the primary cause of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH). However, the specific underlying biological mechanisms of glucocorticoids’ effect on osteoblasts remain undetermined. Recently, the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway in modulating bone formation has been studied. This study aimed to investigate the association and mechanism of the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway in glucocorticoid-induced osteogenesis suppression in MC3T3-E1 cells. This study performed CCK8 and live/dead staining assays by stimulating MC3T3-E1 cells with varying dexamethasone (DEX) doses to elucidate its influence on cell proliferation and activity. Furthermore, Western blotting was carried out to investigate the expression of HIF-1α, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), VEGF, osteopontin (OPN), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) proteins to identify the optimal DEX concentration for simulating steroid-induced osteonecrosis cell models. Moreover, the osteogenic differentiation of cells was assessed by transfecting them with control or HIF-1α overexpression lentiviral vectors. Similarly, in vivo, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, and micro-computed tomography were performed to validate in vitro results in the SONFH rat model. In vitro analyses revealed that a 10 − 6 M concentration of DEX significantly suppressed cell viability and osteogenesis by decreasing HIF-1α and VEGF levels. Furthermore, HIF-1α upregulation increased osteogenic activity and VEGF expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. However, the HIF-1α antagonist 3-(5’-hydroxymethyl-2’-furyl) -1-benzylindazole (YC-1) indicated opposite effects in DEX-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, SONFH femoral heads had reduced bone density, bone tissue content, and femoral head integrity, as well as increased bone cell lacunae, while decreased HIF-1α, OPN, VEGF, and ALP levels in bone tissue compared to normal rats. This study indicated that DEX suppresses osteoblast differentiation via the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway, thus promoting SONFH.

Reference-based super-resolution (RefSR) has achieved remarkable progress and shows promising potential applications in the field of remote sensing. However, previous studies heavily rely on existing and high-resolution reference image (Ref), which is hard to obtain in remote sensing practice. To address this issue, a novel structure based on a zoom camera structure (ZCS) together with a novel RefSR network, namely AEFormer, is proposed. The proposed ZCS provides a more accessible way to obtain valid Ref than traditional fixed-length camera imaging or external datasets. The physics-enabled network, AEFormer, is proposed to super-resolve low-resolution images (LR). With reasonably aligned and enhanced attention, AEFormer alleviates the misalignment problem, which is challenging yet common in RefSR tasks. Herein, it contributes to maximizing the utilization of spatial information across the whole image and better fusion between Ref and LR. Extensive experimental results on benchmark dataset RRSSRD and real-world prototype data both verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Hopefully, ZCS and AEFormer can enlighten a new model for future remote sensing imagery super-resolution.

Background Intestinal oxidative stress serves as an endogenous host defense against the gut microbiota by increasing energy expenditure and therefore decreasing feed efficiency (FE). Several systems coordinately regulate redox balance, including the mitochondrial respiratory chain, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and different antioxidants. However, it remains unclear which redox balance compartments in the intestine are crucial for determining FE. Results In this study, we first screened the key targets of different metabolites and redox balance-related gene expression in broiler ceca. We then constructed a mouse colitis model to explore malic acid (MA) ability to alleviate intestinal inflammation. We further used controlled release technology to coat MA and investigated its effects on the intestinal redox status and FE in vivo. Finally, we examined the underlying mechanism by which MA modulated redox status using a porcine intestinal epithelial cell jejunum 2 (IPEC-J2) cell model in vitro. Our results demonstrated that the MA/malic enzyme 3 ( ME3 ) pathway may play an important role in reducing oxidative stress in the broiler cecum. In addition, colon infusion of MA attenuated inflammatory phenotypes in the dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced mouse colitis model. Then, dietary supplementation with controlled-release MA pellet (MAP) reduced the feed to gain (F/G) ratio and promoted chicken growth, with reduced oxidative stress and increased bacterial diversity. Finally, the in vitro IPEC-J2 cell model revealed that ME3 mediated the effect of MA on cellular oxidative stress. Conclusion In summary, our study firstly revealed the important role of the MA/ ME3 system in the hindgut of broiler chickens for improving intestinal health and FE, which may also be crucial for the implications of colon inflammation associated diseases.

In view of the strong uncertainty and intermittency of distributed power sources in microgrids and the shortcomings of the traditional dung beetle optimizer (DBO) algorithm with slow convergence, poor robustness and ease of falling into a local optimum, an optimal scheduling model for microgrids based on the improved dung beetle optimization algorithm is proposed. First, a multiobjective optimal scheduling model of the microgrid is constructed and a typical daily output scenario generation method for wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation is constructed based on the Gaussian kernel density estimation, Frank-copula and K-means clustering algorithms. Second, to address the shortcomings of the DBO algorithm, the spiral position update strategy, adaptive weight factor, levy flight strategy and t-distribution variation strategy are introduced on the basis of the DBO algorithm, which effectively solves the problem of premature convergence of particles owing to falling into a local optimum. Finally, five benchmark test functions were selected for simulation experiments. Finally, the simulation results show that the computational performance of the IDBO algorithm is significantly better than the other five intelligent algorithms. The algorithm proposed in this paper also achieves more satisfactory results in microgrid optimal scheduling based on the scenario generation method.