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Esophageal squamous dysplasia is believed to be the precursor lesion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); however, the genetic evolution from dysplasia to ESCC remains poorly understood. Here, we applied multi-region whole-exome sequencing to samples from two cohorts, 45 ESCC patients with matched dysplasia and carcinoma samples, and 13 tumor-free patients with only dysplasia samples. Our analysis reveals that dysplasia is heavily mutated and harbors most of the driver events reported in ESCC. Moreover, dysplasia is polyclonal, and remarkable heterogeneity is often observed between tumors and their neighboring dysplasia samples. Notably, copy number alterations are prevalent in dysplasia and persist during the ESCC progression, which is distinct from the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The sharp contrast in the prevalence of the ‘two-hit’ event on TP53 between the two cohorts suggests that the complete inactivation of TP53 is essential in promoting the development of ESCC. The pathogenesis of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma is a multi-step process but the genetic determinants behind this progression are unknown. Here the authors use multi-region exome sequencing to comprehensively investigate the genetic evolution of precursor dysplastic lesions and untransformed oesophagus.

The present study examined the blood pressure (BP) characteristics of normal weight children and adolescents with a large waist circumference (WC) in a large population in Shandong, China. A total of 38,826 students (19,460 boys and 19,366 girls) aged 7–17 years participated in this study. Height, weight, WC, and BP of all subjects were measured. Normal weight was defined by the international cutoffs of body mass index; central obesity was defined as WC ≥90th percentile; relatively high BP status was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥95th percentile for age and gender. And 5.06 and 8.19 % of the normal weight boys and girls had central obesity. The Z-scores of SBP, DBP and the prevalence of relatively high BP for both boys and girls were all significantly higher in the normal weight with central obesity groups than in the normal weight with normal WC groups. Conclusion : These observations highlight that normal weight children and adolescents with central obesity might have an increased risk of elevated BP.

Background. Several studies have provided ample evidence that hypertension in adults has its onset in childhood; children and adolescents with elevated blood pressure (BP) are more likely to become hypertensive adults. The present study examined the prevalence of relatively high BP among children and adolescents in Shandong, China. Subjects and methods. Data for this study were obtained from a large cross-sectional survey of schoolchildren carried out in 2010. A total of 38 860 students (19 481 boys and 19 379 girls) aged 7 to 17 years participated in this study. Relatively high BP status was defined as systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥95th percentile for age and gender. Results. Shandong children had a high BP level, with the 50th percentiles of systolic and diastolic blood pressure of children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years in Shandong being above the reference values for Chinese children and adolescents by 3 to 12 mm Hg and 3 to 7 mm Hg for boys, and by 3 to 6 mm Hg and 3 to 5 mmHg for girls, respectively. The overall prevalence of relatively high BP was 26.22% for boys and 20.27% for girls. Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of relatively high BP among children and adolescents in Shandong, China. It has become a threatening hazard to children and adolescents and should arouse special attention.

Several studies have reported that physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle are associated with being overweight and obese in children and adults. A new policy of 1-h physical activity (PA) every day was released by the Chinese government. The present study examined the role of 1-h PA every day in preventing obesity in adolescents in Shandong, China. A total of 29,030 students (14,578 boys and 14,452 girls) aged 10–18 years participated in this study. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and skinfold thickness (SFT) of all subjects were measured; body mass index (BMI) of adolescents was calculated from their height and weight, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity was obtained according to the International Obesity Task Force cutoffs. All subjects were divided into two groups. Group 1 had a PA of more than 1 h/day while group 2 had less than 1 h/day. Comparisons of BMI, WC, SFT, and prevalences of overweight and obesity between the two groups were made. The overall percentages of students in group 1 were 34.29 % in boys and 30.15 % in girls. The prevalences of overweight and obesity for both boys and girls were all significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 in all age categories. In conclusion, 1-h PA every day has a beneficial effect in preventing obesity in adolescents in Shandong, China. These observations highlight the importance of PA in the prevention of overweight and obesity in adolescents.

Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are useful tools which can help to identify abdominal obesity among the childhood and adolescent populations. This study assessed the distributions of WC and WHtR for Shandong children and adolescents and compared them with those from other countries and regions. Data for this study were obtained from a large cross-sectional survey of schoolchildren carried out in 2010. A total of 42,296 students (21,218 boys and 21,078 girls) aged 7–18 years participated in this study. Height and WC of all subjects were measured and WHtR was calculated. Central obesity was defined as WC ≥ 90th percentile and a WHtR ≥ 0.5, respectively. Shandong children and adolescents had a high WC level, with the 50th percentiles of WC for children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years in Shandong is above the reference values for Chinese children and adolescents by 1.3–3.1 cm for boys and 1.2–2.0 cm for girls, respectively. The WC levels in Shandong boys and girls were higher than those from Hong Kong, Malaysian, and Turkish. Overall, 20.20 and 16.57 % of boys and girls had a WC ≥90th percentile, 15.73 and 7.38 % of boys and girls had a WHtR ≥0.5. Conclusion : The prevalence of central obesity among children and adolescents has become a serious public health problem, which would arouse special attention.

Background/Aims: A rising prevalence of childhood obesity (assessed by body mass index) has been observed in China. However, there are very few published data on abdominal obesity among children and adolescents. The present study examined the prevalence and regional disparities in abdominal obesity among children and adolescents in Shandong, China. Methods: Data for this study were obtained from a large cross-sectional survey. A total of 42,296 students (21,218 boys and 21,078 girls) aged 7-18 years from 16 districts participated in this study. Height and waist circumference (WC) of all subjects were measured; waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was calculated from their height and WC. Abdominal obesity was defined as WHtR ≥0.5. All subjects were stratified by gender, age and the area of residence, and abdominal obesity frequencies were compared among different groups. Results: Substantial regional, socioeconomic and urban/rural disparities exist in child and adolescent abdominal obesity. The overall prevalences of abdominal obesity among different groups of children and adolescents aged 7-18 years were 19.92% (urban boys), 11.94% (rural boys), 8.43% (urban girls) and 5.85% (rural girls). The prevalence of abdominal obesity varied from 24.98% in high-socioeconomic status (SES) urban boys to 4.58% in low-SES rural girls. Subjects living in coastal and high-urbanization districts had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity than those living in inland and low-urbanization districts. Conclusions: Abdominal obesity among children and adolescents in China is associated with affluence and urban residence. Interventions and strategies to combat obesity should be based on this specific context, targeting high-SES urban areas.

The 156 projects of Jilin Province contained a large number of socialist industrial architectural heritage, while its key construction projects represented better function continuity, with the planning and construction of each plant deeply reflecting the characteristics of the industrial city. In today’s high-speed process of urbanization and industrial transformation, a lot of valuable industrial heritage is facing severe situation. This article thus makes a survey on the conservation of the industrial heritage from the development and evolution of these 156 projects so as to provide background information and basic references for the conservation planning in the future.

Modified 1-ethyl-3-（3-dimethylaminopropy） carbodiimide （EDC） method was employed to synthesize the artificial antigen of enrofloxacin （ENR）, and New Zealand rabbits were used to produce anti-ENR polyclonal antibody （pAb）. Based on the checkerboard titration, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） standard curve was established. This assay was sensitive and had a linear range from 0.6 to 148.0 μg/kg （R2=0.9567）, with the half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC50） and limit of detection （LOD） values of 9.4 μg/kg and 0.2 μg/kg, respectively. Of all the competitive analogues, the produced pAb exhibited a high cross-reactivity to ciprofloxacin （CIP） （87%）, the main metabolite of ENR in tissues. After optimization, the matrix effects can be ignored using a 10-fold dilution in beef and 20-fold dilution in pork. The overall recoveries and coefficients of variation （CVs） were in the ranges of 86%-109% and 6.8%-13.1%, respectively. It can be concluded that the established ELISA method is suitable for simultaneous detection of ENR and CIP in animal tissues.

Modified 1-ethyl-3-（3-dimethylaminopropy） carbodiimide（EDC） method was employed to synthesize the artificial antigen of enrofloxacin（ENR）,and New Zealand rabbits were used to produce anti-ENR polyclonal antibody（pAb）.Based on the checkerboard titration,an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） standard curve was established.This assay was sensitive and had a linear range from 0.6 to 148.0 μg/kg（R2 =0.9567）,with the half maximal inhibitory concentration（IC50） and limit of detection（LOD） values of 9.4 μg/kg and 0.2 μg/kg,respectively.Of all the competitive analogues,the produced pAb exhibited a high cross-reactivity to ciprofloxacin（CIP）（87%）,the main metabolite of ENR in tissues.After optimization,the matrix effects can be ignored using a 10-fold dilution in beef and 20-fold dilution in pork.The overall recoveries and coefficients of variation（CVs） were in the ranges of 86%-109% and 6.8%-13.1%,respectively.It can be concluded that the established ELISA method is suitable for simultaneous detection of ENR and CIP in animal tissues.