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Vasculitis comprises a diverse group of disorders with varying clinical, histopathological, and immunofluorescence findings arising due to an array of underlying pathogenic mechanisms. These varying reactions are primarily a reflection of complex interplay of different cells, vessels, and stroma. There are several controversies and differences of opinions in the diagnostic criteria, classifications, and terminologies. This article deals with different concepts and controversies in the subject, and also attempts to provide an algorithmic approach for the histopathological diagnosis.

Autoimmune blistering diseases are diverse group of conditions characterized by blisters in the skin with or without mucosal lesions. There may be great degree of clinical and histopathological overlap; hence, advanced immunological tests may be necessary for more precise diagnosis of these conditions. Direct immunofluorescence microscopy is the gold standard tests to demonstrate the tissue-bound antibodies and should be done in all cases. Magnitude of antibody level in patient' serum can be assessed by indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In this article we have reviewed the various techniques that are available in the diagnosis of autoimmune blistering diseases.

A biopsy specimen of 3.5 mm punch was obtained from one of the papular lesions for histopathology with a differential diagnosis of verrucae, lichen planus, or candidiasis. [5] Options for the management of PAD include topical steroids; oral retinoids; 0.1% tazarotene; cidofovir; imiquimod; 3% boric acid; and physical modalities such as cryotherapy, ablative laser, and radiofrequency. [...]PAD is a distinct clinicopathological entity characterized by multiple, dome-shaped papules over genitocrural folds and presence of acantholysis with dyskeratoses on histology akin to transient acantholytic disorders.

Sir, Head lice infestation, or pediculosis capitis, is a common health concern, especially in children. Physical examination revealed the presence of excoriated lesions at the occipital and cervical regions along with numerous yellow to brown nits, fixed to hair shaft. Dermoscopic examination using non-contact polarized light dermoscope (Dermlite; 3Gen, USA) along with Nikon D3200 digital camera, revealed the presence of multiple yellow to brown, ovoid eggs firmly attached to the hair shaft, corresponding to nits with vital nymph, along with brown translucent flat empty nits (Fig. 1 [See PDF]).

Introduction Cosmetic gynecology is an expanding field with a steep rise in awareness and demand for procedures to enhance the aesthetic appearance of female genitalia. Aim This article aims to provide an overview of aesthetic gynecology for a practicing dermatologist. Methods A study conducted in India showed a rising trend in the demand of aesthetic vaginal procedures from 3.9% in 2012 to 28.97% in 2015. Conclusion Several aesthetic modalities such as peels, platelet rich plasma, and energy‐based devices and surgical modalities have been in use, though serious evidence for efficacy of many of these procedures is lacking.

The patient gave a history of dog bite for which 0.1 mL of inactivated rabies virus vaccine was injected intramuscularly on 0, 3 and 7 days. [3] When a genetically predisposed individual is exposed to a trigger, it leads to revelation of BP180 antigen generating an immune response mediated through B lymphocytes leading to production of autoantibodies to the same. The main mechanism through which vaccines especially inactivated vaccines provide immunity is humoral pathway, that is, by stimulation of B lymphocytes leading to production of antibodies.

Environmental pollution is a serious issue with the rapid development of urbanization, industrialization and vehicle traffic. In particular, fossil fuel pollution increases atmospheric CO2 levels. To alleviate this problem, various carbon capture and storage technologies have been developed, yet they are actually limited by cost and energy requirements. Alternatively, adsorption appears as a promising technique for carbon capture due to its low cost, low energy requirement and applicability over a wide range of temperature and pressure. Here, we review carbonaceous materials such as activated carbon, activated carbon nanofibers, hollow carbon spheres and biochar for CO2 capture, and we discuss factors controlling CO2 adsorption. CO2 adsorption primarily depends upon micropore volume and surface area which in turn are controlled by carbonization and activation temperature, activating agent and its impregnation ratio, activation time and presence of moisture. Additionally, introduction of basic functional groups such as N-containing functional groups into the adsorbent enhances the adsorption capacities. We discuss possible modifications for cost-effective and commercially viable carbon materials as CO2 adsorbents.

Protein aggregation is invariably associated with the inflammation as a factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigated the interaction between downstream factors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway and inflammation, with implications in cognitive impairment in AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ)(1–42) was administered by bilateral intracerebroventricular (icv) injection in the brain of adult male Wistar rats to experimentally develop AD. The cognitive impairment was assessed by measuring behavioral parameters such as Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in different rat brain regions. Inflammatory marker proteins such as cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-КB) (p65) were measured by the western blotting. Gene expression of ER stress downstream factors such as ATF-4, CHOP, and GADD-34 was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Histological studies were performed to check Aβ accumulation and neuronal degeneration. Integrated stress response inhibitor (ISRIB) was used to confirm the specific role of ER stress–mediated inflammation in cognitive impairment. Administration of Aβ(1–42) resulted in alteration in levels of inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory proteins, and mRNA levels of ER stress downstream factors. ISRIB treatment resulted in attenuation of Aβ(1–42)-induced ER stress, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive impairment in rats. These results indicate that ER stress–mediated inflammation potentiates the cognitive impairment in AD. An understanding of cascade of events, interaction of ER stress which was a hallmark of the present investigation together with inflammation and modulation of downstream signalling factors could serve as potent biomarkers to study AD progression.Schematic representation of interaction between ER stress and inflammation. Administration of Aβ(1–42) resulted in ER stress which caused the activation of factors of PERK pathway, inflammation, neuronal degeneration, and cognitive impairment. ISRIB treatment caused downregulation of ATF-4 and attenuation of inflammation indicating a role of ER stress–mediated inflammation in the cognitive impairment in AD. The site of action of ISRIB is shown in blue color

The above article from IET Communications, published online on 12 November 2022 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the Interim Editor‐in‐Chief, Jian Ren, the Institution of Engineering and Technology (the IET) and John Wiley and Sons Ltd. This article was published as part of a Guest Edited special issue. Following an investigation, the IET and the journal have determined that the article was not reviewed in line with the journal's peer review standards and there is evidence that the peer review process of the special issue underwent systematic manipulation. Accordingly, we cannot vouch for the integrity or reliability of the content. As such we have taken the decision to retract the article. The authors have been informed of the decision to retract.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder. The pattern of HAE is different in children as compared to adults. There is limited literature from developing countries where all first-line treatments are either unavailable or not easily accessible. Data of children with HAE were retrieved from medical records of patients registered in the Pediatric Immunodeficiency Clinic at our institute. Of the 206 patients with HAE, 61 were diagnosed before the age of 18 years. Male: female ratio was 1.1:1. Median age at onset of symptoms and diagnosis were 6.2 years (range 1–17 years) and 10.7 years (range 1.5–18 years) respectively. Median delay in diagnosis was 4.9 years (range 0–16 years). The commonest presentation was facial swelling (51/61) followed by swelling of extremities (47/61). Laryngeal edema and abdominal symptoms were reported in 28/61 and 31/61 patients respectively. Abdominal attacks were found to be less common in children as compared to adults. Most patients in our cohort received fresh-frozen plasma (n = 5/61) as on-demand therapy. Long-term prophylaxis included attenuated androgens (n = 25/61) and tranexamic acid (n = 23/61). Median duration of follow-up was 2242 patient months. One patient died on follow-up in this cohort. This is the largest single-centre cohort of pediatric HAE from resource-constrained settings. Facial attacks were more common, and there were significant delays in diagnosis when the age of onset of symptoms was younger. Gastrointestinal symptoms were less common in children than adults.HighlightsOne of the largest single-centre cohorts of pediatric HAE and the only one from resource-constrained settings.There were significant delays in diagnosis when the age of onset of symptoms was younger.Abdominal attacks were found to be less common in children as compared to adults.