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Each journey begins with a single step : The Taoist book of life /
\"This is a book of guidance rooted in the wisdom of ancient China. Bestselling author Deng Ming-Dao provides key poetic lines that distill the essence of Taoism, organizing them in the form of a journey. The material here is drawn from a variety of sources, including, the Yijing, 300 Tang Poems, and the full text of the Daodejing. As Deng Ming-Dao notes, 'We walk the Way each day. We don't know what's ahead, and so it's helpful to have the wisdom of others to guide us. They have left us a message to encourage us. They have spoken of the joys, griefs, and purity that we should embrace. Like good pathfinders, they give us direction and prepare us for what we might encounter. They let us walk for ourselves. We have a wonderful companion for the journey.' This profound collection of ancient wisdom is the resource for those looking for daily sustenance and guidance on the path of life\" --Inside front cover flap.
Book
How “unequal treaties” influenced commission competence: a new perspective on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Part XV) in the Timor Sea Conciliation
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is a widely ratified multilateral treaty that defines and codifies the standards and principles of international law for the governance and management of the oceans. One of its key features is the facilitation of the peaceful settlement of disputes on maritime affairs. Article 281 constitutes an equality test by which the courts or tribunals can distinguish voluntary procedures from compulsory proceedings. Existing cases under Part XV did not provide a clear routine what circumstances might make a treaty under Article 281 “unequal”. Article 311 deals with the tension between prioritizing the regional arrangements and maintaining UNCLOS as a closed, self-contained system. This research aims to provide insights into the proper application of these two articles in future UNCLOS disputes, as the Timor Sea Conciliation (Timor-Leste v. Australia) is the first instance of the conciliation mechanism under UNCLOS. Through the methods of doctrinal research and comparing the different argumentations in previous cases, the research found that the recent Timor Sea Conciliation was decided on the basis of a controversial understanding of UNCLOS Articles 281 and 311; that a treaty featuring specific and feasible arrangements for dispute settlement would be easier in passing Article 281’s test; and that Article 311 favors UNCLOS’s integrity and considers the permitted derogations as exceptions. It is suggested that the courts or tribunals under UNCLOS Part XV interpret Articles 281 and 311 in a systematic manner, which is believed to benefit the development of voluntary dispute settlement mechanism under UNCLOS in the long run.
Journal Article
Enhanced Relationship between Central Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature and Eurasian Surface Air Temperature during Boreal Summers
This study investigates the relationship between the central tropical Pacific (CTP) sea surface temperature (SST) and the surface air temperature (SAT) variability unrelated to canonical El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) over mid–high-latitude Eurasia during boreal summers over the past half-century. The results show that their relationship experienced a decadal shift around the early 1980s. Before the early 1980s, the Eurasian SAT–CTP SST connection was weak; after that time, the relationship became stronger, and the SAT anomalies exhibited a significant wavelike pattern over Eurasia. Such a decadal change in the Eurasian SAT–CTP SST relationship could be attributed to decadal changes in the mean state and variability of CTP SST. The warmer mean state and enhanced SST variability after the early 1980s reinforced the convective activities over the tropical Pacific, leading to significantly anomalous divergence/convergence and Rossby wave sources over the North Pacific. This outcome further excited the wave train propagating along the Northern Hemisphere zonal jet stream to northern Eurasia and then affected the surface heat fluxes and atmospheric circulations over the region, resulting in wavelike SATs over Eurasia. However, during the period before the early 1980s, the CTP SST had a weak impact on the North Pacific atmospheric circulation and was consequently not able to excite the wave train pattern to impact the Eurasian atmospheric circulation and SATs. The physical processes linking the CTP SST and Eurasian SAT are further confirmed by numerical simulations. The results of this study are valuable to understanding the variability of summer Eurasian SATs.
Journal Article
Hypoxia inducible factor HIF-1 promotes myeloid-derived suppressor cells accumulation through ENTPD2/CD39L1 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) possess immunosuppressive activities, which allow cancers to escape immune surveillance and become non-responsive to immune checkpoints blockade. Here we report hypoxia as a cause of MDSC accumulation. Using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a cancer model, we show that hypoxia, through stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), induces ectoenzyme, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (ENTPD2/CD39L1), in cancer cells, causing its overexpression in HCC clinical specimens. Overexpression of ENTPD2 is found as a poor prognostic indicator for HCC. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ENTPD2 converts extracellular ATP to 5′-AMP, which prevents the differentiation of MDSCs and therefore promotes the maintenance of MDSCs. We further find that ENTPD2 inhibition is able to mitigate cancer growth and enhance the efficiency and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our data suggest that ENTPD2 may be a good prognostic marker and therapeutic target for cancer patients, especially those receiving immune therapy.
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) promote tumor immune escape. Here, the authors show that in hepatocellular carcinoma, hypoxia induces the expression of ENTPD2 on cancer cells leading to elevated extracellular 5′-AMP, which in turn promote the maintenance of MDSCs by preventing their differentiation.
Journal Article
A new base basic probability assignment approach for conflict data fusion in the evidence theory
Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (D-S theory) is applied to process uncertain information in different scenarios. However, traditional Dempster combination rule may produce counterintuitive results while dealing with highly conflicting data. Inspired by a perspective of constructing base belief function for conflicting data processing in D-S theory, a new base basic probability assignment (bBPA) method is proposed to process the potential conflict before data fusion. Instead of assigning initial belief on the whole power set space, the new method assigns the base belief to basic events in the frame of discernment. Consequently, the bBPA is consistent with the classical probability theory. Several numerical examples are adopted to verify the reliability and accuracy of the method in processing highly conflicting data. The data sets in the University of California Irvine (UCI) Machine Learning Repository are used to verity the availability of the new method in classification problem. Experimental result shows that the new method has some superiority in dealing with highly conflicting data.
Journal Article
Precise and Robust Ship Detection for High-Resolution SAR Imagery Based on HR-SDNet
Ship detection in high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is a challenging problem in the case of complex environments, especially inshore and offshore scenes. Nowadays, the existing methods of SAR ship detection mainly use low-resolution representations obtained by classification networks or recover high-resolution representations from low-resolution representations in SAR images. As the representation learning is characterized by low resolution and the huge loss of resolution makes it difficult to obtain accurate prediction results in spatial accuracy; therefore, these networks are not suitable to ship detection of region-level. In this paper, a novel ship detection method based on a high-resolution ship detection network (HR-SDNet) for high-resolution SAR imagery is proposed. The HR-SDNet adopts a novel high-resolution feature pyramid network (HRFPN) to take full advantage of the feature maps of high-resolution and low-resolution convolutions for SAR image ship detection. In this scheme, the HRFPN connects high-to-low resolution subnetworks in parallel and can maintain high resolution. Next, the Soft Non-Maximum Suppression (Soft-NMS) is used to improve the performance of the NMS, thereby improving the detection performance of the dense ships. Then, we introduce the Microsoft Common Objects in Context (COCO) evaluation metrics, which provides not only the higher quality evaluation metrics average precision (AP) for more accurate bounding box regression, but also the evaluation metrics for small, medium and large targets, so as to precisely evaluate the detection performance of our method. Finally, the experimental results on the SAR ship detection dataset (SSDD) and TerraSAR-X high-resolution images reveal that (1) our approach based on the HRFPN has superior detection performance for both inshore and offshore scenes of the high-resolution SAR imagery, which achieves nearly 4.3% performance gains compared to feature pyramid network (FPN) in inshore scenes, thus proving its effectiveness; (2) compared with the existing algorithms, our approach is more accurate and robust for ship detection of high-resolution SAR imagery, especially inshore and offshore scenes; (3) with the Soft-NMS algorithm, our network performs better, which achieves nearly 1% performance gains in terms of AP; (4) the COCO evaluation metrics are effective for SAR image ship detection; (5) the displayed thresholds within a certain range have a significant impact on the robustness of ship detectors.
Journal Article
Diastereodivergent chiral aldehyde catalysis for asymmetric 1,6-conjugated addition and Mannich reactions
Chiral aldehyde catalysis is a burgeoning strategy for the catalytic asymmetric α-functionalization of aminomethyl compounds. However, the reaction types are limited and to date include no examples of stereodivergent catalysis. In this work, we disclose two chiral aldehyde-catalysed diastereodivergent reactions: a 1,6-conjugate addition of amino acids to
para
-quinone methides and a bio-inspired Mannich reaction of pyridinylmethanamines and imines. Both the
syn
- and
anti
-products of these two reactions can be obtained in moderate to high yields, diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Four potential reaction models produced by DFT calculations are proposed to explain the observed stereoselective control. Our work shows that chiral aldehyde catalysis based on a reversible imine formation principle is applicable for the α-functionalization of both amino acids and aryl methylamines, and holds potential to promote a range of asymmetric transformations diastereoselectively.
Chiral aldehyde catalysis is a useful strategy in the catalytic asymmetric α-functionalization of amino methyl compounds but these reaction types are limited. Here, the authors report two chiral aldehyde-catalysed diastereodivergent reactions, namely, a 1,6-conjugate addition and a bio-inspired Mannich reaction.
Journal Article
Lumenal Galectin-9-Lamp2 interaction regulates lysosome and autophagy to prevent pathogenesis in the intestine and pancreas
Intracellular galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins capable of sensing and repairing damaged lysosomes. As in the physiological conditions glycosylated moieties are mostly in the lysosomal lumen but not cytosol, it is unclear whether galectins reside in lysosomes, bind to glycosylated proteins, and regulate lysosome functions. Here, we show in gut epithelial cells, galectin-9 is enriched in lysosomes and predominantly binds to lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp2) in a Asn(N)-glycan dependent manner. At the steady state, galectin-9 binding to glycosylated Asn
175
of Lamp2 is essential for functionality of lysosomes and autophagy. Loss of N-glycan-binding capability of galectin-9 causes its complete depletion from lysosomes and defective autophagy, leading to increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress preferentially in autophagy-active Paneth cells and acinar cells. Unresolved ER stress consequently causes cell degeneration or apoptosis that associates with colitis and pancreatic disorders in mice. Therefore, lysosomal galectins maintain homeostatic function of lysosomes to prevent organ pathogenesis.
Galectins are carbohydrate binding proteins previously implicated in sensing and repairing damaged lysosomes. Here, the authors show that galectin-9 has specific lysosomal roles in autophagy and contributes to cell degeneration and apoptosis in colitis and pancreatitis in mice.
Journal Article
Driver drowsiness detection using hybrid convolutional neural network and long short-term memory
Drowsiness and fatigue of the drivers are amongst the significant causes of the car accidents. Every year the number of deaths and fatalities are tremendously increasing due to multifaceted issues and henceforth requires an intelligent processing system for accident avoidance. In relevant with this, an effective driver drowsiness detection system is proposed. The main challenges are robustness of the algorithm towards variation of the human face and real-time processing capability. The first challenge pertaining to the facial variation has been handled well using conventional image processing and hand-craft features of computer vision algorithms. Yet, variations such as facial expression, lighting condition, intra-class variation, and pose variation are additional issues that conventional method failed to address. Deep learning is an alternative solution which provides a better performance by learning features automatically. Thus, this paper proposed a new concept for handling the real-time driver drowsiness detection using the hybrid of convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM). The performance of the system has been tested using the public drowsy driver dataset from ACCV 2016 competition. The results show that it can outperform the former schemes in the literature.
Journal Article