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50 فكرة يجب أن تعرفها عن فيزياء الكم
الفيزياء موضوع صعب، وعلى الرغم من ذلك فنحن نستخدمها يوميا. فعندما ننظر في المرآة أو نرتدي نظاراتنا فإننا نستخدم فيزياء البصريات، وعندما نقوم بضبط ساعاتنا فإننا نقتفي أثر الزمن، وعندما نقرأ خريطة ما فإننا نبحر خلال الفضاء الهندسي. ويقدم هذا الكتاب للقارئ جولة داخل عالم الفيزياء بدءًا من المبادئ الأساسية كالجاذبية والضوء والطاقة، وعبر الأفكار الحديثة لنظرية الكم ونظرية الفوضى والطاقة المعتمة. و يقودك هذا الكتاب إلى اكتشاف المزيد والمزيد؛ إذ إن الفيزياء ليست مجرد موضوعات أساسية وإنما هي متعة للعقل.
BOOK
Recent advances in the understanding of endothelial barrier function and fluid therapy
Elucidation of the structural basis of endothelial barrier function and the study of transcapillary fluid exchange dynamics are areas of active research. There has been significant enhancement in our understanding of the ultrastructural basis of endothelial barrier function. The role of glycocalyx has received special attention. Experimental evidence has called for a revision in the classic Starling principle of transcapillary exchange. The glycocalyx model provides a potential structural mechanism for the revised Starling principle. This knowledge can provide the framework for understanding the volume expansion effect of fluid therapy and the physiological basis of fluid therapy.
Journal Article
Bullous pemphigoid associated with dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. A case report and review of literature
Bullous pemphigoid is a cutaneous autoimmune blistering disorder. The etiology for what precipitates this disease is not entirely clear at this point, although it has been associated with certain medications.
We describe the case of a 70-year-old male with a past medical history of diabetes type 2 who developed a diffuse eruption of bullae with skin biopsy positive for bullous pemphigoid. He had previously been prescribed sitagliptin 50 mg daily for at least one year prior to onset of his disease. The medication was discontinued and the patient was treated with first IV and then oral steroids with good clinical outcome. There have been a few reports that have explored the relationship between DPP-IV inhibitors (gliptins) and bullous pemphigoid, including three case series and a report on sitagliptin associated allergic skin reactions submitted to the Adverse Event Reports System database of the FDA. According to the Naranjo ADR probability score there is a \"possible\" cause and effect relationship for this case.
The enzyme DPP-IV is ubiquitously expressed in almost every organ system, including the skin. The exact mechanism at this time is unknown but is believed to be multifactorial involving many aspects of the immune system. Our case and the findings from our literature review further demonstrate a link between dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors and the development of bullous pemphigoid.
Journal Article
اليورانيوم المنضب : إرث الإبادة في حروب العراق
يسلط كل من المؤلفان (عبد الحق العاني وجوان بيكر) في مؤلفهما المشترك «اليورانيوم المنضب» الضوء على المشروع الإجرامي المروع الذي ينفذ الآن في العراق : التلوث المتعمد للعراق بشعبه وبيئته الطبيعية بالإشعاع الناجم عن أسلحة الدمار الشامل التي لم يسمع عنها سابقا-أدوات قاتلة للحرب من مكب نفايات عالمي لا ينضب عمليا من اليورانيوم المنضب. يعد هذا الكتاب الترجمة العربية لأول كتاب حول الموضوع المطروح، بل لعله الكتاب الوحيد الذي يتناول استخدام الولايات المتحدة وبريطانيا لليورانيوم المنضب كسلاح ضد الأهداف العسكرية والمدنية في حروبهما على العراق وتأثيرات هذا السلاح المدمر على البيئة وحياة وصحة العراقيين لمليارات قادمة من السنين. يحتوي الكتاب على نتائج الدراسات المنظمة للعلماء العراقيين حول العلاقة بين وجود اليورانيوم المنضب والإشعاع المؤين ومعدلات الإصابة بالأمراض الخبيثة التي أجريت في ظروف سيئة للغاية بعد سبع إلى عشر سنوات من هجوم 1991. ومع أن هذه الدراسات الوبائية ومقاييس الإشعاع العالي هي بالضرورة بدائية وغير كاملة كما يقول أستاذ علم الاجتماع في جامعة كينجز كوليدج في لندن \"ديفيد ماكجريجور\" إلا أنها عندما تضاف إلى التقارير الموثقة عن العيوب الخلقية والسرطانات المرتبطة بالتعرض للإشعاع منذ الغزو عام 2003، فإن هذه التحقيقات الرائدة تقدم صورة مقلقة للغاية \". وتشكل الأدلة المزعجة التي كشف عنها مؤلفي هذا الكتاب حجة قوية على أن الغزاة الأمريكيين والبريطانيين ارتكبوا عمليات إبادة جماعية في العراق من خلال الاستخدام العشوائي لأسلحة الدمار الشامل.
Book
The Doctor Who theme and beyond: female pioneers of electronic music
Joanne Baker lauds a paean to the experimentalists of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop.
Jo Baker lauds a paean to the experimentalists of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop.
Daphne Oram smiles in her Kent studio surrounded by tape machines, mixers and electronic equipment.
Journal Article
Laboratory demonstration of a prozone-like effect in HRP2-detecting malaria rapid diagnostic tests: implications for clinical management
Background
Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are now widely used for prompt on-site diagnosis in remote endemic areas where reliable microscopy is absent. Aberrant results, whereby negative test results occur at high parasite densities, have been variously reported for over a decade and have led to questions regarding the reliability of the tests in clinical use.
Methods
In the first trial, serial dilutions of recombinant HRP2 antigen were tested on an HRP2-detectiing RDT. In a second trial, serial dilutions of culture-derived
Plasmodium falciparum
parasites were tested against three HRP2-detecting RDTs.
Results
A prozone-like effect occurred in RDTs at a high concentration of the target antigen, histidine-rich protein-2 (above 15,000 ng/ml), a level that corresponds to more than 312000 parasites per μL. Similar results were noted on three RDT products using dilutions of cultured parasites up to a parasite density of 25%. While reduced line intensity was observed, no false negative results occurred.
Conclusions
These results suggest that false-negative malaria RDT results will rarely occur due to a prozone-like effect in high-density infections, and other causes are more likely. However, RDT line intensity is poorly indicative of parasite density in high-density infections and RDTs should, therefore, not be considered quantitative. Immediate management of suspected severe malaria should rely on clinical assessment or microscopy. Evaluation against high concentrations of antigen should be considered in malaria RDT product development and lot-release testing, to ensure that very weak or false negative results will not occur at antigen concentrations that might be seen clinically.
Journal Article
Transcription and Expression of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Proteins in Different Stages and Strains: Implications for Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Although rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for Plasmodium falciparum infection that target histidine rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) are generally sensitive, their performance has been reported to be variable. One possible explanation for variable test performance is differences in expression level of PfHRP in different parasite isolates.
Total RNA and protein were extracted from synchronised cultures of 7 P. falciparum lines over 5 time points of the life cycle, and from synchronised ring stages of 10 falciparum lines. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis and ELISA we investigated variations in the transcription and protein levels of pfhrp2, pfhrp3 and PfHRP respectively in the different parasite lines, over the parasite intraerythrocytic life cycle.
Transcription of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 in different parasite lines over the parasite life cycle was observed to vary relative to the control parasite K1. In some parasite lines very low transcription of these genes was observed. The peak transcription was observed in ring-stage parasites. Pfhrp2 transcription was observed to be consistently higher than pfhrp3 transcription within parasite lines. The intraerythrocytic lifecycle stage at which the peak level of protein was present varied across strains. Total protein levels were more constant relative to total mRNA transcription, however a maximum 24 fold difference in expression at ring-stage parasites relative to the K1 strain was observed.
The levels of transcription of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3, and protein expression of PfHRP varied between different P. falciparum strains. This variation may impact on the detection sensitivity of PfHRP2-detecting RDTs.
Journal Article
Global sequence variation in the histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3 of Plasmodium falciparum: implications for the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests
Background
Accurate diagnosis is essential for prompt and appropriate treatment of malaria. While rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) offer great potential to improve malaria diagnosis, the sensitivity of RDTs has been reported to be highly variable. One possible factor contributing to variable test performance is the diversity of parasite antigens. This is of particular concern for
Plasmodium falciparum
histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2)-detecting RDTs since PfHRP2 has been reported to be highly variable in isolates of the Asia-Pacific region.
Methods
The
pfhrp2
exon 2 fragment from 458 isolates of
P. falciparum
collected from 38 countries was amplified and sequenced. For a subset of 80 isolates, the exon 2 fragment of histidine-rich protein 3 (
pfhrp3
) was also amplified and sequenced. DNA sequence and statistical analysis of the variation observed in these genes was conducted. The potential impact of the
pfhrp2
variation on RDT detection rates was examined by analysing the relationship between sequence characteristics of this gene and the results of the WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: Round 1 (2008), for 34 PfHRP2-detecting RDTs.
Results
Sequence analysis revealed extensive variations in the number and arrangement of various repeats encoded by the genes in parasite populations world-wide. However, no statistically robust correlation between gene structure and RDT detection rate for
P. falciparum
parasites at 200 parasites per microlitre was identified.
Conclusions
The results suggest that despite extreme sequence variation, diversity of PfHRP2 does not appear to be a major cause of RDT sensitivity variation.
Journal Article