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272 result(s) for "John Rawls"
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الليبرالية السياسية
هو محاولة لطرح الحل الليبرالي في مجتمع تعددي لا يؤمن جميع أطرافه بالضرورة بتلك القيم الليبرالية التي حاجج عنها رولز. يقيم رولز نظريته على الفصل المفهومي بين \"العقلاني rational\" \"والمعقول reasonable\"، وهو تفريق يستعيره رولز، ككثير من مفاهيمه من فلسفة كانط للعقل العملي التي تفرق بين الأمر المطلق أو الحكم الأخلاقي المطلق المتعلق بالغايات الذي ينتمي إلى العقل العملي الخالص، والأمر الشرطي أو الاختيار العرضي للوسيلة التي تحقق تلك الغايات، وهو الذي ينتمي بدوره إلى العقل العملي الوسائلي.
Genomic dissection of conserved transcriptional regulation in intestinal epithelial cells
The intestinal epithelium serves critical physiologic functions that are shared among all vertebrates. However, it is unknown how the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying these functions have changed over the course of vertebrate evolution. We generated genome-wide mRNA and accessible chromatin data from adult intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in zebrafish, stickleback, mouse, and human species to determine if conserved IEC functions are achieved through common transcriptional regulation. We found evidence for substantial common regulation and conservation of gene expression regionally along the length of the intestine from fish to mammals and identified a core set of genes comprising a vertebrate IEC signature. We also identified transcriptional start sites and other putative regulatory regions that are differentially accessible in IECs in all 4 species. Although these sites rarely showed sequence conservation from fish to mammals, surprisingly, they drove highly conserved IEC expression in a zebrafish reporter assay. Common putative transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) found at these sites in multiple species indicate that sequence conservation alone is insufficient to identify much of the functionally conserved IEC regulatory information. Among the rare, highly sequence-conserved, IEC-specific regulatory regions, we discovered an ancient enhancer upstream from her6/HES1 that is active in a distinct population of Notch-positive cells in the intestinal epithelium. Together, these results show how combining accessible chromatin and mRNA datasets with TFBS prediction and in vivo reporter assays can reveal tissue-specific regulatory information conserved across 420 million years of vertebrate evolution. We define an IEC transcriptional regulatory network that is shared between fish and mammals and establish an experimental platform for studying how evolutionarily distilled regulatory information commonly controls IEC development and physiology.
نظرية في العدالة
يحاجج رولز في نظرية في العدالة لأجل توفيق مبدئي بين التحرر والعدالة، حيث يراد منه أن يطبق على الهيكل الأساسي لمجتمع جيد التنظيم، من المركزي في هذا الجهد تقدير لظروف العدالة من إلهام ديفيد هيوم، ووضع اختيار منصف لأطراف العلاقة في مثل تلك الظروف، مشابهة لبعض آراء إيمانويل كانط. يتطلع إلى مبادئ العدالة لتوجه سلوك الأطراف. من المعترف به أن تلك الأطراف تواجه شحة معتدلة، كما أن شخوصها ليسوا مؤثرين بالفطرة ولا أنانيين بصورة محضة. لديهم أهداف يتطلعون إلى تحقيقها، لكنهم يفضلون أداء ذلك بالمشاركة مع الآخرين وفق شروط يتم التوافق عليها. يعرض رولز نموذجا لحالة اختيار منصفة (الوضع الأصلي وفيه غطاء الجهل) حيث يفترض فيه أن تختار الأطراف مبادئ عدالة يقبل بها الجميع. تحت مثل هذه المحددات، يعتقد رولز بأن الأطراف قد ترى مبادئ العدالة التي يفضلها ذات جاذبية بشكل خاص، تتفوق على بدائل متنوعة، مثل تقديرات اليوتيليتارية والتحررية اليمينية.
Contribution of neutral processes to the assembly of gut microbial communities in the zebrafish over host development
Despite their importance to host health and development, the communities of microorganisms associated with humans and other animals are characterized by a large degree of unexplained variation across individual hosts. The processes that drive such inter-individual variation are not well understood. To address this, we surveyed the microbial communities associated with the intestine of the zebrafish, Danio rerio , over developmental time. We compared our observations of community composition and distribution across hosts with that predicted by a neutral assembly model, which assumes that community assembly is driven solely by chance and dispersal. We found that as hosts develop from larvae to adults, the fit of the model to observed microbial distributions decreases, suggesting that the relative importance of non-neutral processes, such as microbe-microbe interactions, active dispersal, or selection by the host, increases as hosts mature. We also observed that taxa which depart in their distributions from the neutral prediction form ecologically distinct sub-groups, which are phylogenetically clustered with respect to the full metacommunity. These results demonstrate that neutral processes are sufficient to generate substantial variation in microbiota composition across individual hosts, and suggest that potentially unique or important taxa may be identified by their divergence from neutral distributions.
العدالة كإنصاف : إعادة صياغة
يناقش هذا الكتاب مسألة العدالة الاجتماعية، وأنها كانت هاجس المجتمعات الإنسانية عبر التاريخ ( العصر القديم، الوسيط، الحديث والمعاصر)، وإنها استقطبت اهتمام الباحثين والمفكرين والفلاسفة وخاصة الذين حملوا على عاتقهم مهمة الانخراط في النقاش المجتمعي العام، والذين ينحدرون من مختلف الحقول المعرفية : (الفلسفة، الفلسفة السياسية، علم الاجتماع، علم الاقتصاد والتدبير، وغيرها) تم الاعتماد في هذه الدراسة على المنهج الفلسفي الوصفي، إذ سنقوم من خلاله عرض المنطلقات النظرية للنظرية الرولزية، والمرتكزات الأساسية لهذه النظرية من قبيل: الوضعية البدئية وحجاب الجهل والمجتمع حسن التنظيم، ومبادئ العدالة، والمؤسسات العادلة وما إليه)
The composition of the zebrafish intestinal microbial community varies across development
The assembly of resident microbial communities is an important event in animal development; however, the extent to which this process mirrors the developmental programs of host tissues is unknown. Here we surveyed the intestinal bacteria at key developmental time points in a sibling group of 135 individuals of a model vertebrate, the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Our survey revealed stage-specific signatures in the intestinal microbiota and extensive interindividual variation, even within the same developmental stage. Microbial community shifts were apparent during periods of constant diet and environmental conditions, as well as in concert with dietary and environmental change. Interindividual variation in the intestinal microbiota increased with age, as did the difference between the intestinal microbiota and microbes in the surrounding environment. Our results indicate that zebrafish intestinal microbiota assemble into distinct communities throughout development, and that these communities are increasingly different from the surrounding environment and from one another.
نظرية في العدالة
يحاجج رولز في نظرية في العدالة لأجل توفيق مبدئي بين التحرر والعدالة، حيث يراد منه أن يطبق على الهيكل الأساسي لمجتمع جيد التنظيم. من المركزي في هذا الجهد تقدير لظروف العدالة من إلهام ديفيد هيوم، ووضع اختيار منصف لأطراف العلاقة في مثل تلك الظروف، مشابهة لبعض آراء إيمانويل كانط. يتطلع إلى مبادئ العدالة لتوجه سلوك الأطراف. من المعترف به أن تلك الأطراف تواجه شحة معتدلة، كما أن شخوصها ليسوا مؤثرين بالفطرة ولا أنانيين بصورة محضة. لديهم أهداف يتطلعون إلى تحقيقها، لكنهم يفضلون أداء ذلك بالمشاركة مع الآخرين وفق شروط يتم التوافق عليها. يعرض رولز نموذجا لحالة اختيار منصفة (الوضع الأصلي وفيه غطاء الجهل) حيث يفترض فيه أن تختار الأطراف مبادئ عدالة يقبل بها الجميع. تحت مثل هذه المحددات، يعتقد رولز بأن الأطراف قد ترى مبادئ العدالة التي يفضلها ذات جاذبية بشكل خاص، تتفوق على بدائل متنوعة، مثل تقديرات اليوتيليتارية والتحررية اليمينية.
Intestinal Serum amyloid A suppresses systemic neutrophil activation and bactericidal activity in response to microbiota colonization
The intestinal microbiota influences the development and function of myeloid lineages such as neutrophils, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unresolved. Using gnotobiotic zebrafish, we identified the immune effector Serum amyloid A (Saa) as one of the most highly induced transcripts in digestive tissues following microbiota colonization. Saa is a conserved secreted protein produced in the intestine and liver with described effects on neutrophils in vitro, however its in vivo functions remain poorly defined. We engineered saa mutant zebrafish to test requirements for Saa on innate immunity in vivo. Zebrafish mutant for saa displayed impaired neutrophil responses to wounding but augmented clearance of pathogenic bacteria. At baseline, saa mutants exhibited moderate neutrophilia and altered neutrophil tissue distribution. Molecular and functional analyses of isolated neutrophils revealed that Saa suppresses expression of pro-inflammatory markers and bactericidal activity. Saa's effects on neutrophils depended on microbiota colonization, suggesting this protein mediates the microbiota's effects on host innate immunity. To test tissue-specific roles of Saa on neutrophil function, we over-expressed saa in the intestine or liver and found that sufficient to partially complement neutrophil phenotypes observed in saa mutants. These results indicate Saa produced by the intestine in response to microbiota serves as a systemic signal to neutrophils to restrict aberrant activation, decreasing inflammatory tone and bacterial killing potential while simultaneously enhancing their ability to migrate to wounds.
محاضرات في تاريخ الفلسفة السياسية
هذا الكتاب مجموعة من المحاضرات التي ألقاها جون رولز في أثناء تدريسه في جامعة هارفرد، طوال ثلاثة عقود، اهتم فيها بالفلسفة السياسية الحديثة، وسعى فيها إلى تحديد السمات الأساسية لليبرالية بصفتها تعبر عن مفهوم سياسي للعدالة حين ينظر إلى الليبرالية بمنظار تقاليد الدستورية الديمقراطية، متناولا أصحاب نظرية العقد الاجتماعي هوبز ولوك وروسو، ومفكرو الفلسفة النفعية هيوم ومل. أما ماركس فرأى فيه رولز ناقدا لليبرالية، يتألف هذا الكتاب (640 صفحة بالقطع الوسط، موثقا ومفهرسا) من ستة أقسام، تضم تسعة عشر فصلا، إضافة إلى ملاحق تضم خمس محاضرات عن جوزف بتلر : \"التكوين الخلقي للطبيعة البشرية\"، و\"طبيعة الضمير وسلطته\"، و\"اقتصاد العواطف\"، و\"حجة بتلر ضد الأنوية\"، و\"التضارب المفترض بين الضمير وحب الذات\"
Commensal Microbiota Regulate Vertebrate Innate Immunity-Insights From the Zebrafish
Microbial communities populate the mucosal surfaces of all animals. Metazoans have co-evolved with these microorganisms, forming symbioses that affect the molecular and cellular underpinnings of animal physiology. These microorganisms, collectively referred to as the microbiota, are found on many distinct body sites (including the skin, nasal cavity, and urogenital tract), however the most densely colonized host tissue is the intestinal tract. Although spatially confined within the intestinal lumen, the microbiota and associated products shape the development and function of the host immune system. Studies comparing gnotobiotic animals devoid of any microbes (germ free) with counterparts colonized with selected microbial communities have demonstrated that commensal microorganisms are required for the proper development and function of the immune system at homeostasis and following infectious challenge or injury. Animal model systems have been essential for defining microbiota-dependent shifts in innate immune cell function and intestinal physiology during infection and disease. In particular, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful vertebrate model organism with unparalleled capacity for imaging, a full complement of genetic approaches, and facile methods to experimentally manipulate microbial communities. Here we review key insights afforded by the zebrafish into the impact of microbiota on innate immunity, including evidence that the perception of and response to the microbiota is evolutionarily conserved. We also highlight opportunities to strengthen the zebrafish model system, and to gain new insights into microbiota-innate immune interactions that would be difficult to achieve in mammalian models.