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Social democracy and the crisis of equality : Australian social democracy in a changing world
This book analyses social democratic parties' attempts to tackle inequality in increasingly challenging times. It provides a distinctive contribution to the literature on the so-called 'crisis' of social democracy by exploring the role of equality policy in this crisis. While the main focus is on analysing Australian Labor governments, examples are also given from a wide range of parties internationally.The book traces how a traditional focus on class has expanded to include other forms of inequality, including issues of gender, race, ethnicity and sexuality and explores both the intersections and potential tensions that result. Meanwhile there are new challenges for equality policy arising from a changing geo-economics (the rise of Asia), the legacies of neoliberalism and the impact of technological disruption.
Book
A Review of Protocols for Fiducial Reference Measurements of Water-Leaving Radiance for Validation of Satellite Remote-Sensing Data over Water
This paper reviews the state of the art of protocols for measurement of water-leaving radiance in the context of fiducial reference measurements (FRM) of water reflectance for satellite validation. Measurement of water reflectance requires the measurement of water-leaving radiance and downwelling irradiance just above water. For the former there are four generic families of method, based on: (1) underwater radiometry at fixed depths; or (2) underwater radiometry with vertical profiling; or (3) above-water radiometry with skyglint correction; or (4) on-water radiometry with skylight blocked. Each method is described generically in the FRM context with reference to the measurement equation, documented implementations and the intra-method diversity of deployment platform and practice. Ideal measurement conditions are stated, practical recommendations are provided on best practice and guidelines for estimating the measurement uncertainty are provided for each protocol-related component of the measurement uncertainty budget. The state of the art for measurement of water-leaving radiance is summarized, future perspectives are outlined, and the question of which method is best adapted to various circumstances (water type, wavelength) is discussed. This review is based on practice and papers of the aquatic optics community for the validation of water reflectance estimated from satellite data but can be relevant also for other applications such as the development or validation of algorithms for remote-sensing estimation of water constituents including chlorophyll a concentration, inherent optical properties and related products.
Journal Article
Power, knowledge, animals
This work contributes to the development of a theoretical context of the politics of truth about animals. By applying and extending Foucault's theory of power, this work uncovers dominant and subjugated discourses about animals and describes power-knowledge associated with statements about animals that are understood to convey true things.
Book
A Review of Protocols for Fiducial Reference Measurements of Downwelling Irradiance for the Validation of Satellite Remote Sensing Data over Water
This paper reviews the state of the art of protocols for the measurement of downwelling irradiance in the context of Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRM) of water reflectance for satellite validation. The measurement of water reflectance requires the measurement of water-leaving radiance and downwelling irradiance just above water. For the latter, there are four generic families of method, using: (1) an above-water upward-pointing irradiance sensor; (2) an above-water downward-pointing radiance sensor and a reflective plaque; (3) a Sun-pointing radiance sensor (sunphotometer); or (4) an underwater upward-pointing irradiance sensor deployed at different depths. Each method—except for the fourth, which is considered obsolete for the measurement of above-water downwelling irradiance—is described generically in the FRM context with reference to the measurement equation, documented implementations, and the intra-method diversity of deployment platform and practice. Ideal measurement conditions are stated, practical recommendations are provided on best practice, and guidelines for estimating the measurement uncertainty are provided for each protocol-related component of the measurement uncertainty budget. The state of the art for the measurement of downwelling irradiance is summarized, future perspectives are outlined, and key debates such as the use of reflectance plaques with calibrated or uncalibrated radiometers are presented. This review is based on the practice and studies of the aquatic optics community and the validation of water reflectance, but is also relevant to land radiation monitoring and the validation of satellite-derived land surface reflectance.
Journal Article
Medicaid Coverage of Guidelines-Based Asthma Care Across 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2021–2022
IntroductionAsthma affects more than 25 million Americans, including 4.2 million children. The burden of asthma disproportionately affects people enrolled in Medicaid, among other disparate groups. Improved availability and accessibility of guidelines-based treatments and services may ensure positive health outcomes for people with asthma. In this article, we provide an update to the American Lung Association’s Asthma Guidelines-Based Care Coverage Project (the Project) to determine the extent of asthma care coverage and associated barriers in Medicaid programs for all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and examine improvements in coverage since 2017.MethodsFindings from the Project, representing coverage from 2016–2017, were first published in Preventing Chronic Disease in 2018. The Project was updated in 2021 to reflect the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines 2020 Expert Panel Report-3 updates, which were finalized in December 2020. It now tracks coverage for 8 areas of guidelines-based care and 7 barriers to care in Medicaid programs by reviewing publicly available plan documents and engaging with Medicaid programs to review and confirm findings.ResultsResults from the Project, which reflect coverage in 2021–2022, show an increase in comprehensive coverage in Medicaid programs over the last 5 years. However, coverage remains inconsistent across programs, and barriers to accessing asthma care still exist.ConclusionAlthough substantial improvement has been made to coverage, certain gaps and barriers to care must be addressed for patients to fully benefit from guidelines-based care to manage their asthma and improve health outcomes.SummaryWhat is already known on this topic?The American Lung Association’s Asthma Guidelines-Based Care Coverage Project (the Project) previously published its 2016–2017 asthma care coverage data in 2018 in Preventing Chronic Disease, finding that coverage in state Medicaid programs did not consistently adhere to National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines.What is added by this report?This article updates this information with 2021–2022 asthma care coverage data that identifies both improvements in coverage and ongoing gaps in care.What are the implications for public health practice?We believe the Project will be of interest to public health practitioners, researchers, and policy makers aiming to improve asthma care by increasing equitable access to comprehensive asthma care coverage.
Journal Article
A Method to Extrapolate the Diffuse Upwelling Radiance Attenuation Coefficient to the Surface as Applied to the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY)
The upwelling radiance attenuation coefficient
K
Lu
in the upper 10 m of the water column can be significantly influenced by inelastic scattering processes and thus will vary even with homogeneous water properties. The Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY), the primary vicarious calibration site for many ocean color sensors, makes measurements of the upwelling radiance
L
u
at 1, 5, and 9 m, and uses these values to determine
K
Lu
and to propagate the upwelling radiance directed toward the zenith,
L
u
, at 1 m to and through the surface. Inelastic scattering causes the
K
Lu
derived from the measurements to be an underestimate of the true
K
Lu
from 1 m to the surface at wavelengths greater than 575 nm; thus, the derived water-leaving radiance is underestimated at wavelengths longer than 575 nm. A method to correct this
K
Lu
, based on a model of the upwelling radiance including Raman scattering and chlorophyll fluorescence, has been developed that corrects this bias. The model has been experimentally validated, and this technique can be applied to the MOBY dataset to provide new, more accurate products at these wavelengths. When applied to a 4-month MOBY deployment, the corrected water-leaving radiance
L
w
can increase by 5% (600 nm), 10% (650 nm), and 50% (700 nm). This method will be used to provide additional and more accurate products in the MOBY dataset.
Journal Article
Gender and Political Leadership in a Time of COVID
The COVID-19 pandemic has undermined the division between the private sphere of the home and the public sphere of politics that has traditionally disadvantaged women political leaders. Whereas male political leaders historically drew on their traditional role as the male head of household to display forms of masculine protectionism toward citizens, women leaders are now able to draw on their traditional motherly role—for example, as the member of the household who traditionally cares for the sick—to display forms of feminine protectionism. As a result, international women leaders have managed to leverage women's role in the home to their advantage in the political sphere. Significantly, an appreciation of traditionally feminine attributes in women political leaders has been displayed in much media coverage, providing more favorable coverage of female political leaders than was previously the case.
Journal Article
Teaching music online: Changing pedagogical approach when moving to the online environment
The development of educational technology has provided platforms for undergraduate music courses to take place in an online environment. While technology is available, this does not mean that all teaching staff are ready for the pedagogical change required to implement teaching online. A transformation of pedagogical practice (that is, to online pedagogy) is required for teaching courses online. Researchers suggest that the use of social-constructivist learning and collaborative online learning models strongly support online student learning. The following case study explores how teaching staff in an American university music department (N=7) transformed their pedagogy when teaching undergraduate music courses online. The study highlights the diversity of perceptions about teaching music online, and the influence of these perceptions on the pedagogical approaches and strategies used when teaching and developing an online music course. The pedagogical elements of teaching music online were found to have connections with the community of inquiry framework's nexus of teaching presence, cognitive presence and social presence, and suggested a social-constructivist course design. Finally, the findings show that teaching staff experienced a shift of pedagogical approach when transitioning to teaching music online. Implications include assisting music faculty in the adoption of pedagogical approaches and that they should be addressed at individual, departmental and institutional levels.
Journal Article
Polycrystallinity of green rust minerals and their synthetic analogs; implications for particle formation and reactivity in complex systems
We demonstrate in this study that natural green rust nanoparticles and their synthetic analogs can be complex polycrystalline phases composed of crystallites only a few nanometers in size, and they often include nanometer-sized regions of amorphous material. The natural green rusts are Zn-bearing pseudo-hexagonal platelets previously identified by us in the contaminated mine drainage of the former Ronneburg uranium mine in Germany (Johnson et al. 2014). We also identified Ni- and Cu-bearing green rust platelets in the sediment underlying the drainage outflow 20 m downstream, and, using dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DF-TEM), found that these natural green rusts are not usually structurally coherent single crystals. Synthetic sulfate green rusts are also polycrystalline and composed of crystallites of only a few nanometers in size, though different synthesis conditions produced different patterns of polycrystallinity. While pseudo-hexagonal platelets are the typical morphology of green rust, we also synthesized green rust nanorods, which have not previously been reported. In addition to the known characteristics of green rusts (including a very large aspect ratio and surface area to volume ratio, and the redox properties allowed by the structural mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+), these polycrystalline platelets exhibit a high abundance of defect sites and likely a rough surface topography. The combination of these characteristics has important implications for the reactivity of green rust with biogeochemical interfaces in natural and anthropogenic systems.
Journal Article
Predicting stereotactic radiosurgery outcomes with multi-observer qualitative appearance labelling versus MRI radiomics
Qualitative observer-based and quantitative radiomics-based analyses of T1w contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (T1w-CE MRI) have both been shown to predict the outcomes of brain metastasis (BM) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Comparison of these methods and interpretation of radiomics-based machine learning (ML) models remains limited. To address this need, we collected a dataset of n = 123 BMs from 99 patients including 12 clinical features, 107 pre-treatment T1w-CE MRI radiomic features, and BM post-SRS progression scores. A previously published outcome model using SRS dose prescription and five-way BM qualitative appearance scoring was evaluated. We found high qualitative scoring interobserver variability across five observers that negatively impacted the model’s risk stratification. Radiomics-based ML models trained to replicate the qualitative scoring did so with high accuracy (bootstrap-corrected AUC = 0.84–0.94), but risk stratification using these replicated qualitative scores remained poor. Radiomics-based ML models trained to directly predict post-SRS progression offered enhanced risk stratification (Kaplan–Meier rank-sum
p
= 0.0003) compared to using qualitative appearance. The qualitative appearance scoring enabled interpretation of the progression radiomics-based ML model, with necrotic BMs and a subset of heterogeneous BMs predicted as being at high-risk of post-SRS progression, in agreement with current radiobiological understanding. Our study’s results show that while radiomics-based SRS outcome models out-perform qualitative appearance analysis, qualitative appearance still provides critical insight into ML model operation.
Journal Article