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"Johnson, F"
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The orphan trains
\"This title examines an important historic event--the orphan train movement. Easy-to-read, compelling text explores the history of the Childrens Aid Society and the development of the Brace School, lodging houses, and industrial schools, the conditions that led to child abandonment in the 1800s, problems with institutional care and child labor laws, the roles the Civil War, the Great Depression, and people like Charles Loring Brace played, and the effects of this event on soci society.\"--Publisher's website.
Book
Methionine Restriction Activates the Retrograde Response and Confers Both Stress Tolerance and Lifespan Extension to Yeast, Mouse and Human Cells
A methionine-restricted diet robustly improves healthspan in key model organisms. For example, methionine restriction reduces age-related pathologies and extends lifespan up to 45% in rodents. However, the mechanisms underlying these benefits remain largely unknown. We tested whether the yeast chronological aging assay could model the benefits of methionine restriction, and found that this intervention extends lifespan when enforced by either dietary or genetic approaches, and furthermore, that the observed lifespan extension is due primarily to reduced acid accumulation. In addition, methionine restriction-induced lifespan extension requires the activity of the retrograde response, which regulates nuclear gene expression in response to changes in mitochondrial function. Consistent with an involvement of stress-responsive retrograde signaling, we also found that methionine-restricted yeast are more stress tolerant than control cells. Prompted by these findings in yeast, we tested the effects of genetic methionine restriction on the stress tolerance and replicative lifespans of cultured mouse and human fibroblasts. We found that such methionine-restricted mammalian cells are resistant to numerous cytotoxic stresses, and are substantially longer-lived than control cells. In addition, similar to yeast, the extended lifespan of methionine-restricted mammalian cells is associated with NFκB-mediated retrograde signaling. Overall, our data suggest that improved stress tolerance and extension of replicative lifespan may contribute to the improved healthspan observed in methionine-restricted rodents, and also support the possibility that manipulation of the pathways engaged by methionine restriction may improve healthspan in humans.
Journal Article
Ho Chi Minh : North Vietnamese president
Profiles the life and career of the North Vietnamese leader, Ho Chi Minh.
Book
The online competition between pro- and anti-vaccination views
Distrust in scientific expertise
1
–
14
is dangerous. Opposition to vaccination with a future vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of COVID-19, for example, could amplify outbreaks
2
–
4
, as happened for measles in 2019
5
,
6
. Homemade remedies
7
,
8
and falsehoods are being shared widely on the Internet, as well as dismissals of expert advice
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–
11
. There is a lack of understanding about how this distrust evolves at the system level
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,
14
. Here we provide a map of the contention surrounding vaccines that has emerged from the global pool of around three billion Facebook users. Its core reveals a multi-sided landscape of unprecedented intricacy that involves nearly 100 million individuals partitioned into highly dynamic, interconnected clusters across cities, countries, continents and languages. Although smaller in overall size, anti-vaccination clusters manage to become highly entangled with undecided clusters in the main online network, whereas pro-vaccination clusters are more peripheral. Our theoretical framework reproduces the recent explosive growth in anti-vaccination views, and predicts that these views will dominate in a decade. Insights provided by this framework can inform new policies and approaches to interrupt this shift to negative views. Our results challenge the conventional thinking about undecided individuals in issues of contention surrounding health, shed light on other issues of contention such as climate change
11
, and highlight the key role of network cluster dynamics in multi-species ecologies
15
.
Insights into the interactions between pro- and anti-vaccination clusters on Facebook can enable policies and approaches that attempt to interrupt the shift to anti-vaccination views and persuade undecided individuals to adopt a pro-vaccination stance.
Journal Article
Wall of water
\"After a devastating earthquake, a teen and her family are threatened by yet another disaster. A tsunami destroys their house. Their life in paradise is shaken as they try to survive the next blow\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Hidden resilience and adaptive dynamics of the global online hate ecology
Online hate and extremist narratives have been linked to abhorrent real-world events, including a current surge in hate crimes
1
–
6
and an alarming increase in youth suicides that result from social media vitriol
7
; inciting mass shootings such as the 2019 attack in Christchurch, stabbings and bombings
8
–
11
; recruitment of extremists
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–
16
, including entrapment and sex-trafficking of girls as fighter brides
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; threats against public figures, including the 2019 verbal attack against an anti-Brexit politician, and hybrid (racist–anti-women–anti-immigrant) hate threats against a US member of the British royal family
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; and renewed anti-western hate in the 2019 post-ISIS landscape associated with support for Osama Bin Laden’s son and Al Qaeda. Social media platforms seem to be losing the battle against online hate
19
,
20
and urgently need new insights. Here we show that the key to understanding the resilience of online hate lies in its global network-of-network dynamics. Interconnected hate clusters form global ‘hate highways’ that—assisted by collective online adaptations—cross social media platforms, sometimes using ‘back doors’ even after being banned, as well as jumping between countries, continents and languages. Our mathematical model predicts that policing within a single platform (such as Facebook) can make matters worse, and will eventually generate global ‘dark pools’ in which online hate will flourish. We observe the current hate network rapidly rewiring and self-repairing at the micro level when attacked, in a way that mimics the formation of covalent bonds in chemistry. This understanding enables us to propose a policy matrix that can help to defeat online hate, classified by the preferred (or legally allowed) granularity of the intervention and top-down versus bottom-up nature. We provide quantitative assessments for the effects of each intervention. This policy matrix also offers a tool for tackling a broader class of illicit online behaviours
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,
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such as financial fraud.
The dynamics of interactions between hate-orientated networks on different online platforms is characterized, and a mathematical model predicts that policing on one online platform can make matters worse and generate ‘darker’ parts of the Internet.
Journal Article
Linking high GC content to the repair of double strand breaks in prokaryotic genomes
Genomic GC content varies widely among microbes for reasons unknown. While mutation bias partially explains this variation, prokaryotes near-universally have a higher GC content than predicted solely by this bias. Debate surrounds the relative importance of the remaining explanations of selection versus biased gene conversion favoring GC alleles. Some environments (e.g. soils) are associated with a high genomic GC content of their inhabitants, which implies that either high GC content is a selective adaptation to particular habitats, or that certain habitats favor increased rates of gene conversion. Here, we report a novel association between the presence of the non-homologous end joining DNA double-strand break repair pathway and GC content; this observation suggests that DNA damage may be a fundamental driver of GC content, leading in part to the many environmental patterns observed to-date. We discuss potential mechanisms accounting for the observed association, and provide preliminary evidence that sites experiencing higher rates of double-strand breaks are under selection for increased GC content relative to the genomic background.
Journal Article
Development and initial validation of the addressing client needs with social determinants of health scale (ACN: SDH)
Background
The purpose of this study was to validate a scale that can be used by healthcare service professionals, healthcare systems, educators, and researchers to assess health service professionals’ social determinants of health (SDOH) competency; with competency defined as their knowledge, awareness-biases, skills, and actual preparedness to address SDOH challenges.
Methods
An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted with a sample of 220 health service professionals, and 6 factors were identified. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted with 303 health service professionals and the 6-factor solution was supported, with 22 items.
Results
The reliability estimates for the 6 factors are as follows: Factor 1,
Action Toward Addressing SDOH
(
a
= .85); Factor 2,
SDOH Knowledge (a
=
.94);
Factor 3,
Negative Attitude toward Addressing SDOH
(
a
= .79); Factor 4,
Systemic Accountability
(
a
= .81); Factor 5,
School Preparation
(
a
= .86); and Factor 6,
Perception of the Cause of SDOH
(
a
= .94).
Conclusion
The ACN:SDH scale is the first validated measure that can be used to systematically appraise health service professionals’ SDOH competency.
Journal Article