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"Johnson, Whitney (Whitney W.)"
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The role of warm, dry summers and variation in snowpack on phytoplankton dynamics in mountain lakes
Climate change is altering biogeochemical, metabolic, and ecological functions in lakes across the globe. Historically, mountain lakes in temperate regions have been unproductive because of brief ice-free seasons, a snowmelt-driven hydrograph, cold temperatures, and steep topography with low vegetation and soil cover. We tested the relative importance of winter and summer weather, watershed characteristics, and water chemistry as drivers of phytoplankton dynamics. Using boosted regression tree models for 28 mountain lakes in Colorado, we examined regional, intraseasonal, and interannual drivers of variability in chlorophyll a as a proxy for lake phytoplankton. Phytoplankton biomass was inversely related to the maximum snow water equivalent (SWE) of the previous winter, as others have found. However, even in years with average SWE, summer precipitation extremes and warming enhanced phytoplankton biomass. Peak seasonal phytoplankton biomass coincided with the warmest water temperatures and lowest nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios. Although links between snowpack, lake temperature, nutrients, and organic-matter dynamics are increasingly recognized as critical drivers of change in high-elevation lakes, our results highlight the additional influence of summer conditions on lake productivity in response to ongoing changes in climate. Continued changes in the timing, type, and magnitude of precipitation in combination with other globalchange drivers (e.g., nutrient deposition) will affect production in mountain lakes, potentially shifting these historically oligotrophic lakes toward new ecosystem states. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of these drivers and pattern at multiple scales will allow us to anticipate ecological consequences of global change better.
Journal Article
Build an A team : play to their strengths and lead them up the learning curve
Do you want to have a high-performing team that strives for greatness, even in the face of uncertainty? Do you want to be a boss people love, while also driving high performance? Building morale and high performance are about engagement, and engagement is all about learning, argues Whitney Johnson. In over twenty years of research, investing, consulting, and coaching, Johnson has seen that people need continuous learning and fresh challenges to stay engaged. In this book you'll learn how to build an \"A\" team by leading team members on their current learning curve, how to design their jobs to maximize learning and engagement, and how to implement a seven-step process for advancing up the learning curve. We all want opportunities to learn, experiment, and grow in our jobs. The best bosses know this, and they know how to make it happen through thoughtful role design and just enough challenge. The result is a team that learns how to thrive, no matter what the industry throws at them.-- Provided by publisher
Book
The draft genomes of Elizabethkingia anophelis of equine origin are genetically similar to three isolates from human clinical specimens
We report the isolation and characterization of two Elizabethkingia anophelis strains (OSUVM-1 and OSUVM-2) isolated from sources associated with horses in Oklahoma. Both strains appeared susceptible to fluoroquinolones and demonstrated high MICs to all cell wall active antimicrobials including vancomycin, along with aminoglycosides, fusidic acid, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. Typical of the Elizabethkingia, both draft genomes contained multiple copies of β-lactamase genes as well as genes predicted to function in antimicrobial efflux. Phylogenetic analysis of the draft genomes revealed that OSUVM-1 and OSUVM-2 differ by only 6 SNPs and are in a clade with 3 strains of Elizabethkingia anophelis that were responsible for human infections. These findings therefore raise the possibility that Elizabethkingia might have the potential to move between humans and animals in a manner similar to known zoonotic pathogens.
Journal Article
Disrupt yourself : master relentless change and speed up your learning curve
\"The same learning curve model that helps you \"Build an A Team\" can be used to build yourself into the person you want to be. In Disrupt Yourself, Johnson shows us what this curve looks like and how to ride it. She lays out seven strategies for successfully riding the wave of personal disruption: take the right risks; play to your distinctive strengths; embrace constraint; battle entitlement; step back to grow. Give failure its due; be discovery driven. Each chapter takes each strategy in turn, guiding the reader through understanding the strategy and then helping the reader to apply it effectively\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Tropicalization of the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Impacts of Salt Marsh Transition to Black Mangrove Dominance on Faunal Communities
The tropically associated black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) is expanding into salt marshes of the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM). This species has colonized temperate systems dominated by smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in Texas, Louisiana, Florida and, most recently, Mississippi. To date, little is known about the habitat value of black mangroves for juvenile fish and invertebrates. Here we compare benthic epifauna, infauna, and nekton use of Spartina-dominated, Avicennia-dominated, and mixed Spartina and black mangrove habitats in two areas with varying densities and ages of black mangroves. Faunal samples and sediment cores were collected monthly from April to October in 2012 and 2013 from Horn Island, MS, and twice yearly in the Chandeleur Islands, LA. Multivariate analysis suggested benthic epifauna communities differed significantly between study location and among habitat types, with a significant interaction between the two fixed factors. Differences in mangrove and marsh community composition were greater at the Chandeleurs than at Horn Island, perhaps because of the distinct mangrove/marsh ecotone and the high density and age of mangroves there. Infaunal abundances were significantly higher at Horn Island, with tanaids acting as the main driver of differences between study locations. We predict that if black mangroves continue to increase in abundance in the northern GOM, estuarine faunal community composition could shift substantially because black mangroves typically colonize shorelines at higher elevations than smooth cordgrass, resulting in habitats of differing complexity and flooding duration.
Journal Article
Reduction in HPV 16/18-associated high grade cervical lesions following HPV vaccine introduction in the United States – 2008–2012
Prevention of pre-invasive cervical lesions is an important benefit of HPV vaccines, but demonstrating impact on these lesions is impeded by changes in cervical cancer screening. Monitoring vaccine-types associated with lesions can help distinguish vaccine impact from screening effects. We examined trends in prevalence of HPV 16/18 types detected in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2, 3, and adenocarcinoma in situ (CIN2+) among women diagnosed with CIN2+ from 2008 to 2012 by vaccination status. We estimated vaccine effectiveness against HPV 16/18-attributable CIN2+ among women who received ≥1 dose by increasing time intervals between date of first vaccination and the screening test that led to detection of CIN2+ lesion.
Data are from a population-based sentinel surveillance system to monitor HPV vaccine impact on type-specific CIN2+ among adult female residents of five catchment areas in California, Connecticut, New York, Oregon, and Tennessee. Vaccination and cervical cancer screening information was retrieved. Archived diagnostic specimens were obtained from reporting laboratories for HPV DNA typing.
From 2008 to 2012, prevalence of HPV 16/18 in CIN2+ lesions statistically significantly decreased from 53.6% to 28.4% among women who received at least one dose (Ptrend<.001) but not among unvaccinated women (57.1% vs 52.5%; Ptrend=.08) or women with unknown vaccination status (55.0% vs 50.5%; Ptrend=.71). Estimated vaccine effectiveness for prevention of HPV 16/18-attributable CIN2+ was 21% (95% CI: 1–37), 49% (95% CI: 28–64), and 72% (95% CI: 45–86) in women who initiated vaccination 25–36 months, 37–48 months, and >48 months prior to the screening test that led to CIN2+ diagnosis.
Population-based data from the United States indicate significant reductions in CIN2+ lesions attributable to types targeted by the vaccines and increasing HPV vaccine effectiveness with increasing interval between first vaccination and earliest detection of cervical disease.
Journal Article
CTLA4 blockade abrogates KEAP1/STK11-related resistance to PD-(L)1 inhibitors
For patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), dual immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with CTLA4 inhibitors and PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors (hereafter, PD-(L)1 inhibitors) is associated with higher rates of anti-tumour activity and immune-related toxicities, when compared with treatment with PD-(L)1 inhibitors alone. However, there are currently no validated biomarkers to identify which patients will benefit from dual ICB
1
,
2
. Here we show that patients with NSCLC who have mutations in the
STK11
and/or
KEAP1
tumour suppressor genes derived clinical benefit from dual ICB with the PD-L1 inhibitor durvalumab and the CTLA4 inhibitor tremelimumab, but not from durvalumab alone, when added to chemotherapy in the randomized phase III POSEIDON trial
3
. Unbiased genetic screens identified loss of both of these tumour suppressor genes as independent drivers of resistance to PD-(L)1 inhibition, and showed that loss of
Keap1
was the strongest genomic predictor of dual ICB efficacy—a finding that was confirmed in several mouse models of
Kras
-driven NSCLC. In both mouse models and patients,
KEAP1
and
STK11
alterations were associated with an adverse tumour microenvironment, which was characterized by a preponderance of suppressive myeloid cells and the depletion of CD8
+
cytotoxic T cells, but relative sparing of CD4
+
effector subsets. Dual ICB potently engaged CD4
+
effector cells and reprogrammed the tumour myeloid cell compartment towards inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing tumoricidal phenotypes that—together with CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells—contributed to anti-tumour efficacy. These data support the use of chemo-immunotherapy with dual ICB to mitigate resistance to PD-(L)1 inhibition in patients with NSCLC who have
STK11
and/or
KEAP1
alterations.
Alterations in the tumour suppressor genes
STK11
and/or
KEAP1
can identify patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer who are likely to benefit from combinations of PD-(L)1 and CTLA4 immune checkpoint inhibitors added to chemotherapy.
Journal Article
The \Synthesis Framework\ and Determinants of Fertility in Syria
An analysis of the relationship between lifetime fertility & contraceptive use in Syria, based on a choice-theoretic framework. Data were collected in 1978 in a survey of households yielding a final sample of 941 women aged 35-44 with 2+ live births. A model is specified & estimated, & results are used for a series of simulations relevant to policy questions. Results are consistent with findings from other developing countries & add to the credibility of choice models. 2 Tables, 2 Appendixes. W. H. Stoddard
Journal Article