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"Jonathan Colman"
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The Cuban Missile Crisis
Drawing on an extensive body of research, including primary sources released only in the last few years, this work places the crisis in a broader international and chronological context than previously possible.
eBook
Cumulative effects of infrastructure and human disturbance: a case study with reindeer
ContextWithin Rangifer ranges, many studies focus on expanding infrastructure and human activity negatively influencing habitat use. Little documentation exists on how disturbances act in synergy (i.e. cumulative effects), nor methods to test such effects.Objectives(1) Investigate how cumulative disturbance at different distances affects reindeer habitat use and (2) at what disturbance levels and distances loss of habitat functionality occurs.MethodsDisturbance intensity levels for trails and infrastructure were based on expected amount of human activity, on a scale from 1 to 6. To test cumulative disturbance, we adapted the multi-grain method and summed-up disturbance intensity levels within “disturbance distance intervals” (0–0.25, 0.25–1, 1–2 km, etc. instead of 0–0.25, 0–1, 0–2 km, etc.), and tested reindeers’ avoidance using GPS data for 2011–2018.ResultsWe found decreased habitat use within 0.25 km with increasing cumulative disturbance for snow free and winter seasons. For spring, a similar effect occurred up to 1 km. Reductions in use in areas with highest cumulative disturbance within these zones were between 92 and 98%. Strongest avoidance during spring supports previous studies. Comparatively, the multi-grain approach showed negative effects up to 3 km.ConclusionsOur approach provides novel results and precisely estimates where cumulative effects actually occur. Reindeer in our study tolerate low intensities of human disturbance, while further increase in disturbance intensity reduces habitat functionality. We suggest clustering future human developments within areas of high disturbance, i.e. where functional habitat use is already lost or highly reduced. Our method can be used for other areas and species.
Journal Article
Vigilance in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus); evolutionary history, predation and human interference
To elucidate genetic variability in vigilance behaviour for reindeer with historical differences in their interactions with predators and humans, we measured vigilance frequency and duration for grazing reindeer in Southern Norway (Rondane and Norefjell-Reinsjøfjell), Svalbard (Edgeøya and Nordenskiöld Land) and Barf/Royal Bay and Busen in the southern Hemisphere (South Georgia). Averaged for all areas, frequency and duration of vigilance bouts were less than 0.5 and 2.5 s, respectively. Frequency was insignificantly 1.3 times higher in Rondane than Edgeøya, and significantly 2.0, 3.5, 5.2 and 12.4 times higher than Norefjell, Nordenskiöld Land, Barf/Royal Bay and Busen, respectively. Duration per vigilance bout was not different amongst the areas. Thus, while frequency varied considerably, duration remained constant, supporting a hard-wired adaptation to, among other suggestions, an open landscape. Plasticity in frequency allows for flexible behavioral responses to environmental factors with predation, domestication and hunting key drivers for reindeer. Other factors include (1) the open, treeless alpine/Arctic environment inhabited by Rangifer subspecies allowing warning time, (2) grouping behaviour, (3) relative low density of predators and (4) the anatomy and physiology of ungulate vision.
Journal Article
Mining activity disturbs habitat use of reindeer in Finnmark, Northern Norway
Anthropogenic activities affect habitat use by Rangifer tarandus, a particularly vulnerable species due to grouping behavior, extensive movements, and grazing ecology. We studied habitat use of GPS-collared reindeer in relation to surface mining activities during the snow-free season in Finnmark, Norway over a period of 7 years. Based on information about the mine’s level of operation (amount of people, vehicles, and equipment in operation) and rock blasting schedule, we divided data into high-activity periods (workdays) and low-activity periods (mine closed for ca 2.5 days on weekends and a yearly 3-week holiday period). We further divided workdays into periods with and without rock blasting and associated high-noise days. We found that reindeer significantly reduced habitat use at closer distances to the mine, indicating an influence zone up to 1.5 km. Reductions in use were strongest closest to the mine in high-activity periods. No avoidance effect of the mine was found beyond approximately 0.9 km for the 3-week holidays, 1.0 km for weekends, and 1.5 km for workdays with or without rock blasting. Compared to holidays and weekends, probability of use was reduced by 30–34% within 1.3 km from the mine for workday blasting periods, and up to 35% within 1.4 km for other workdays. Since averted areas can be partly utilized again within days or weeks following intensive mining activity periods, reduced mining activity in crucial periods for reindeer, such as during calving and migration, can be an effective mitigation measure.
Journal Article
The foreign policy of Lyndon B. Johnson
Drawing on recently declassified documents as well as some of the latest published research, The Foreign Policy of Lyndon B. Johnson provides a fresh general account of President Johnson's handling of US foreign relations. It begins with an exploration of the Johnson White House, and then considers US policies towards Vietnam, Britain and France, the NATO alliance, the Soviet Union and communist China, the Middle East, the Western Hemisphere, and the international economy. The author contends that although the war in Vietnam could have been prosecuted more effectively, overall Johnson dealt with the world beyond the borders of the United States very capably. In particular, he dealt with successive challenges to the NATO alliance in a skilled and intelligent manner, leaving it politically stronger when he left office in 1969 than it had been in 1963.
eBook
Rangifer within areas of human influence: understanding effects in relation to spatiotemporal scales
Depending on the spatial scale, fluctuations in the area use of social, migratory herbivores may be related to changes in population size, season, predation, climatic variation, different types of disturbance, and random animal movement. We present a review and case study highlighting how study design limitations and publication bias have influenced our current knowledge on effects of human disturbance on Rangifer spp. Our case study illustrates how yearly variation may lead to false conclusions about the effects of infrastructure. From 58 analyses presented in 52 reviewed papers, we found that 14 analyses had study designs comparing area use before and after construction of infrastructure, 24 included spatial time series of > 6 years, 21 included spatiotemporal variation in their analyses, and only six contained both static and dynamic habitat variables. Categorizing the 58 analyses into 404 specific outcomes, we found that 64% of the authors focused their conclusions on negative effects and 14% focused on mixed effects but emphasized on negative effects of human activities and infrastructure, while only 53% of the outcomes actually showed negative effects, 34% no effects and 13% positive effects. Our review shows that only one study had a before–after-control–impact (BACI) design, and a majority of publications do not include before–after (BA) designs (76%), have not included spatiotemporal variation (64%), and do not evaluate the effects of spatial fluctuations on Rangifer area use at long enough time intervals (only 8 studies had > 10 years data). Although Rangifer is vulnerable to human disturbances, we have showed how the effects of infrastructure differ among studies and highlight the need for study designs that integrate and account for spatiotemporal variation in future studies, for a better understanding of Rangifer (or wildlife) area use in relation to anthropogenic effects.
Journal Article
Multiple Effects of Changes in Arctic Snow Cover
Snow cover plays a major role in the climate, hydrological and ecological systems of the Arctic and other regions through its influence on the surface energy balance (e.g. reflectivity), water balance (e.g. water storage and release), thermal regimes (e.g. insulation), vegetation and trace gas fluxes. Feedbacks to the climate system have global consequences. The livelihoods and well-being of Arctic residents and many services for the wider population depend on snow conditions so changes have important consequences. Already, changing snow conditions, particularly reduced summer soil moisture, winter thaw events and rain-on-snow conditions have negatively affected commercial forestry, reindeer herding, some wild animal populations and vegetation. Reductions in snow cover are also adversely impacting indigenous peoples' access to traditional foods with negative impacts on human health and well-being. However, there are likely to be some benefits from a changing Arctic snow regime such as more even run-off from melting snow that favours hydropower operations.
Journal Article
From high voltage (300 kV) to higher voltage (420 kV) power lines: reindeer avoid construction activities
Demands for increased energy production have initiated several new high-voltage power line projects, of which hundreds of km will traverse reindeer (
Rangifer tarandus tarandus
) habitat in central and northern parts of Scandinavia. We investigated area use of semidomesticated reindeer in the Essand reindeer district’s summer range (Norway) in connection with a new 420 kV power line built in 2008/2009 to replace an existing 300 kV line. We used 6 years (2008–2013) of GPS telemetry data from 5 to 22 female reindeer per season. During the construction period compared to the period before and after construction, predicted probability of use decreased on average 10 % within areas 6 km from the central infrastructure for the calving period, about 12 % within 3.5 km in summer and close to 13 % within 3.5 km in autumn. In the calving period prior to construction, as well as the calving period, summer and autumn for the years after construction, use of areas close to the infrastructure did not deviate from random. Resource selection functions showed significant effects of construction work, habitat quality, elevation and aspect on the area use of reindeer. We found no support for the hypothesis that power lines have negative effects on reindeer area use, independent of associated human activity during construction. Mitigation measures should focus on both the construction period of power lines, minimizing construction work when adjacent areas are utilized by reindeer, as well as keeping human activity to a minimum during operative years.
Journal Article
Wildlife response to infrastructure: the problem with confounding factors
Understanding the effects of human infrastructure on wildlife is important for conservation and management and therefore widely studied. Challenges of many such studies are that they are often conducted after infrastructure establishment, when the exact consequence of the structure may be difficult to disentangle from other determinants of animal spatial use. To highlight these challenges, we use a case study of semi-domestic reindeer (
Rangifer tarandus tarandus
) spatial use within 5–6 km from an existing and a planned power line, using faecal pellet group counts in two areas in northern Norway. We found no relationship between pellet group density and distance to the existing power line, while the density of pellet groups decreased with increasing distance from the planned power line. Vegetation type was the main predictor of reindeer spatial use in the power line area, while elevation and vegetation cover accounted for the occurrence of reindeer in the area without power lines. Our results show that reindeer spatial use is a function of many aspects of the landscape, but not all of these are possible to control for. When this power line is built, what will an after-study of reindeer space use reveal? We underscore the importance of recording wildlife spatial use prior to, and after, infrastructure establishment for sound conclusions about animal response or lack thereof.
Journal Article