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Applied health economics
\"The first edition of Applied Health Economics did an expert job of showing how the availability of large scale data sets and the rapid advancement of advanced econometric techniques can help health economists and health professionals make sense of information better than ever before.The book draws on key sources of information such as the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) and the WHO Multi-Country Survey Study (WHO-MCS) and assumes a familiarity with the computer programme Stata, now in an eleventh version. The book has been fully updated to reflect the enhancements to this key package.In addition to methodology, the book also contains a brand new chapter on regression models for health care costs, thus broadening the book's readership to those working on risk adjustment and health technology appraisal. The text also fully reflects the very latest advances in the health economics field and the key journal literature\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance
Dietary nitrate is growing in popularity as a sports nutrition supplement. This article reviews the evidence base for the potential of inorganic nitrate to enhance sports and exercise performance. Inorganic nitrate is present in numerous foodstuffs and is abundant in green leafy vegetables and beetroot. Following ingestion, nitrate is converted in the body to nitrite and stored and circulated in the blood. In conditions of low oxygen availability, nitrite can be converted into nitric oxide, which is known to play a number of important roles in vascular and metabolic control. Dietary nitrate supplementation increases plasma nitrite concentration and reduces resting blood pressure. Intriguingly, nitrate supplementation also reduces the oxygen cost of submaximal exercise and can, in some circumstances, enhance exercise tolerance and performance. The mechanisms that may be responsible for these effects are reviewed and practical guidelines for safe and efficacious dietary nitrate supplementation are provided.
Journal Article
The Elgar companion to health economics
This companion addresses topical issues & policy-relevant issues including: the economics of the growth of obesity in the West, the link betwen illicit drug use & crime, the consequences of leaving people uninsured against the costs of health care, the impact of globalisation on the international trade in health care services & much more.
Book
The maximal metabolic steady state: redefining the ‘gold standard’
The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and the critical power (CP) are two widely used indices of the highest oxidative metabolic rate that can be sustained during continuous exercise and are often considered to be synonymous. However, while perhaps having similarities in principle, methodological differences in the assessment of these parameters typically result in MLSS occurring at a somewhat lower power output or running speed and exercise at CP being sustainable for no more than approximately 20–30 min. This has led to the view that CP overestimates the ‘actual’ maximal metabolic steady state and that MLSS should be considered the ‘gold standard’ metric for the evaluation of endurance exercise capacity. In this article we will present evidence consistent with the contrary conclusion: i.e., that (1) as presently defined, MLSS naturally underestimates the actual maximal metabolic steady state; and (2) CP alone represents the boundary between discrete exercise intensity domains within which the dynamic cardiorespiratory and muscle metabolic responses to exercise differ profoundly. While both MLSS and CP may have relevance for athletic training and performance, we urge that the distinction between the two concepts/metrics be better appreciated and that comparisons between MLSS and CP, undertaken in the mistaken belief that they are theoretically synonymous, is discontinued. CP represents the genuine boundary separating exercise in which physiological homeostasis can be maintained from exercise in which it cannot, and should be considered the gold standard when the goal is to determine the maximal metabolic steady state. The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and the critical power (CP) are two indices of the highest oxidative metabolic rate that can be sustained during continuous exercise and are often considered to be synonymous. We discuss evidence consistent with the interpretation that CP provides a more robust representation of the boundary separating exercise domains wherein a metabolic steady‐state can or cannot be achieved.
Journal Article
الاقتصاد السياسي للتعليم في العالم العربي
يتلمس مؤلفو کتاب \"الاقتصاد السياسي للتعليم في العالم العربي\" إجابات في الاقتصادات السياسية ... التي تشكل بنية الحكم الوطني في المنطقة، وقد أظهروا بوضوح، من خلال ما قدموه من دراسات عن شمال إفريقيا ومنطقة الخليج، إضافة إلى وجهات نظر مقارنة تجارب دول شرق آسيا وأمريكا اللاتينية، أن الجهود المبذولة لتحسين التعليم، وتعزيز التنمية الاقتصادية تبعا لذلك وتوسيع قاعدة المواطنة التي تشكل عمدة استقرار وفعالية أنظمة حكم، ستفشل إلى الحد الذي تصبح معه النخب الحاكمة غير قادرة على زيادة قوتها السياسية والاقتصادية على حساب الصالح العام، يتكون الكتاب من أحد عشر بحثا توزعتها أقسام ثلاثة، بالإضافة إلى قسم تمهيدي مكون من دراستين هما بمثابة المدخلين للإشكاليات التي تناولها الكتاب، فالأولى تتمثل في البحث الأول المشترك بين هشام العلوي وروبرت سبرينغبورغ حيث عرضا بشكل عام لإشكاليات التعليم في العالم العربي من وجهة نظر الاقتصاد السياسي، واضعين القارئ في سياق الكتاب وهويته البحثية، وتتمثل الثانية في بحث إسحاق ديوان الذي تناول بدراسة رصدية إحصائية وتحليلية العلاقة بين إشكاليتي التعليم والديمقراطية في العالم العربي.
Book
Proof of concept pilot study to assess the utility of magnetic resonance extra-cellular volume quantification to diagnose advanced liver disease in people with Cystic Fibrosis
Current diagnostic tools are limited in their ability to diagnose cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD) as disease is often focal in nature. Magnetic resonance extracellular volume quantification (MRI ECV) in the liver may have diagnostic utility in CFLD as a more selective liver volume is assessed and can be performed using equipment readily available in clinical practice on a standard MRI protocol.
Healthy volunteers (HV), CF participants with no liver disease (CF-noLD) and CF participants with cirrhosis (CF-C) aged 18 years and above had MRI ECV measured using a 3T Siemens scanner. An additional retrospective analysis was performed to calculate MRI ECV in individuals who had available images obtained using a 1.5T Siemens scanner from a previous study.
16 individuals had MRI ECV measured using a 3T Siemens scanner. Mean (SD) MRI ECV was 0.316 (0.058) for HV (n = 5), 0.297 (0.034) for CF-noLD (n = 5) and 0.388 (0.067) for CF-C (n = 6 ). Post-hoc analysis showed a significant difference between CF-noLD and CF-C (p = 0.046). Of 18 individuals with available images using a 1.5T scanner, mean (SD) MRI ECV was 0.269 (0.048) in HV (n = 8), 0.310 (0.037) in CF-noLD (n = 8) and 0.362 (0.063) in CF-C (n = 2).
Liver MRI ECV quantification was feasible in adults with CF with no significant difference in results between 1.5T and 3T obtained images suggesting applicability across different types of MRI scanner. A higher MRI ECV was demonstrated in CF participants with cirrhosis suggesting potential utility as a diagnostic tool for those with advanced CFLD. Further evaluation in larger cohorts is warranted.
Journal Article
Durability as an index of endurance exercise performance: Methodological considerations
Endurance athletes routinely complete physiological assessments to predict performance, inform training programmes and monitor subsequent training adaptations. This profiling is typically performed with the athlete in a ‘fresh’ (i.e., rested) condition, but physiological profiling variables deteriorate during prolonged exercise. Durability has been defined as the resilience to the deterioration of physiological variables and performance during or following prolonged exercise. Herein, we review the current approaches to measure durability. The construction of the fatiguing protocol affects durability profiles, with greater relative intensity and duration resulting in more marked deterioration of baseline measures. The design of durability assessments should control for factors that could impact durability measurements, such as nutrition and environmental characteristics, to ensure that outcomes are repeatable and can be compared between athletes or over time in the same athlete. The selection of these parameters should be based on the proposed research question or applied context and take account of the training status of the athlete. Accordingly, this review highlights important considerations to ensure that protocols for profiling durability in research and applied practice are appropriate. What is the topic of this review? The review discusses current approaches and essential considerations for assessing physiological durability. What advances does it highlight? The review summarizes various methodological approaches used to profile the resilience to deterioration of physiological variables during or after prolonged exercise, (i.e., durability). It highlights key considerations for durability profiling in research and applied settings, including exercise intensity, duration, nutritional and environmental factors, and the appropriateness of examining physiological decrements in the field or in the laboratory.
Journal Article
Localisation of nitrate-reducing and highly abundant microbial communities in the oral cavity
The nitrate (NO 3 - ) reducing bacteria resident in the oral cavity have been implicated as key mediators of nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis and human health. NO 3 - -reducing oral bacteria reduce inorganic dietary NO 3 - to nitrite (NO 2 - ) via the NO 3 - -NO 2 - -NO pathway. Studies of oral NO 3 - -reducing bacteria have typically sampled from either the tongue surface or saliva. The aim of this study was to assess whether other areas in the mouth could contain a physiologically relevant abundance of NO 3 - reducing bacteria, which may be important for sampling in clinical studies. The bacterial composition of seven oral sample types from 300 individuals were compared using a meta-analysis of the Human Microbiome Project data. This analysis revealed significant differences in the proportions of 20 well-established oral bacteria and highly abundant NO 3 - -reducing bacteria across each oral site. The genera included Actinomyces , Brevibacillus , Campylobacter , Capnocytophaga , Corynebacterium , Eikenella , Fusobacterium , Granulicatella , Haemophilus , Leptotrichia , Microbacterium , Neisseria , Porphyromonas , Prevotella , Propionibacterium , Rothia , Selenomonas , Staphylococcus , Streptococcus and Veillonella . The highest proportion of NO 3 - -reducing bacteria was observed in saliva, where eight of the bacterial genera were found in higher proportion than on the tongue dorsum, whilst the lowest proportions were found in the hard oral surfaces. Saliva also demonstrated higher intra-individual variability and bacterial diversity. This study provides new information on where samples should be taken in the oral cavity to assess the abundance of NO 3 - -reducing bacteria. Taking saliva samples may benefit physiological studies, as saliva contained the highest abundance of NO 3 - reducing bacteria and is less invasive than other sampling methods. These results inform future studies coupling oral NO 3 - -reducing bacteria research with physiological outcomes affecting human health.
Journal Article