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"Jones, Anne"
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The dual function of elicitors and effectors from insects: reviewing the ‘arms race’ against plant defenses
Key MessageThis review provides an overview, analysis, and reflection on insect elicitors and effectors (particularly from oral secretions) in the context of the ‘arms race’ with host plants.Following injury by an insect herbivore, plants rapidly activate induced defenses that may directly or indirectly affect the insect. Such defense pathways are influenced by a multitude of factors; however, cues from the insect’s oral secretions are perhaps the most well studied mediators of such plant responses. The relationship between plants and their insect herbivores is often termed an ‘evolutionary arms race’ of strategies for each organism to either overcome defenses or to avoid attack. However, these compounds that can elicit a plant defense response that is detrimental to the insect may also benefit the physiology or metabolism of an insect species. Indeed, several insect elicitors of plant defenses (such as the fatty acid-amino acid conjugate, volicitin) are known to enhance an insect’s ability to obtain nutritionally important compounds from plant tissue. Here we re-examine the well-known elicitors and effectors from chewing insects to demonstrate not only our incomplete understanding of the specific biochemical and molecular cascades involved in these interactions but also to consider the role of these compounds for the insect species itself. Finally, this overview discusses opportunities for research in the field of plant-insect interactions by utilizing tools such as genomics and proteomics to integrate the future study of these interactions through ecological, physiological, and evolutionary disciplines.
Journal Article
Beyond fossil fuel–driven nitrogen transformations
How much carbon does it take to make nitric acid? The counterintuitive answer nowadays is quite a lot. Nitric acid is manufactured by ammonia oxidation, and all the hydrogen to make ammonia via the Haber-Bosch process comes from methane. That's without even accounting for the fossil fuels burned to power the process. Chen et al. review research prospects for more sustainable routes to nitrogen commodity chemicals, considering developments in enzymatic, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalysis, as well as electrochemical, photochemical, and plasma-based approaches. Science , this issue p. eaar6611 Nitrogen is fundamental to all of life and many industrial processes. The interchange of nitrogen oxidation states in the industrial production of ammonia, nitric acid, and other commodity chemicals is largely powered by fossil fuels. A key goal of contemporary research in the field of nitrogen chemistry is to minimize the use of fossil fuels by developing more efficient heterogeneous, homogeneous, photo-, and electrocatalytic processes or by adapting the enzymatic processes underlying the natural nitrogen cycle. These approaches, as well as the challenges involved, are discussed in this Review.
Journal Article
The Bloomsbury companion to phonetics
The 'Bloomsbury Companion To Phonetics' is designed to be the essential one-volume resource for advanced students and academics. It offers a comprehensive reference resource, giving an overview of key topics and key terms in phonetics. It offers a survey of current research areas and new directions in the field as well as featuring a manageable guide to beginning or developing research.
Book
A Bioelectrochemical Approach to Characterize Extracellular Electron Transfer by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803
Biophotovoltaic devices employ photosynthetic organisms at the anode of a microbial fuel cell to generate electrical power. Although a range of cyanobacteria and algae have been shown to generate photocurrent in devices of a multitude of architectures, mechanistic understanding of extracellular electron transfer by phototrophs remains minimal. Here we describe a mediatorless bioelectrochemical device to measure the electrogenic output of a planktonically grown cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Light dependent production of current is measured, and its magnitude is shown to scale with microbial cell concentration and light intensity. Bioelectrochemical characterization of a Synechocystis mutant lacking Photosystem II demonstrates conclusively that production of the majority of photocurrent requires a functional water splitting aparatus and electrons are likely ultimately derived from water. This shows the potential of the device to rapidly and quantitatively characterize photocurrent production by genetically modified strains, an approach that can be used in future studies to delineate the mechanisms of cyanobacterial extracellular electron transport.
Journal Article
Are you ready to hatch an unusual chicken?
Twelve-year-old Sophie Brown is finally settling into her new home and her new role as keeper of some highly unusual chickens--chickens with secret superpowers! But the arrival of two new magical chickens for her flock and some unusual eggs to be incubated and hatched (what will their superpowers be?), plus an impending inspection from the Unusual Poultry Committee (who even knew this existed?) has Sophie feeling pretty stressed out. Her older cousin, Lupe, is coming to stay with her family, which is great--but will Lupe like chickens too? And on top of it all, Sophie's first day at her new school is rapidly approaching! In this wildly funny and quirky novel told in letters and lists and quizzes, Sophie learns that even an exceptional poultry farmer can use some help.
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Biocide Use in the Antimicrobial Era: A Review
Biocides are widely used in healthcare and industry to control infections and microbial contamination. Ineffectual disinfection of surfaces and inappropriate use of biocides can result in the survival of microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses on inanimate surfaces, often contributing to the transmission of infectious agents. Biocidal disinfectants employ varying modes of action to kill microorganisms, ranging from oxidization to solubilizing lipids. This review considers the main biocides used within healthcare and industry environments and highlights their modes of action, efficacy and relevance to disinfection of pathogenic bacteria. This information is vital for rational use and development of biocides in an era where microorganisms are becoming resistant to chemical antimicrobial agents.
Journal Article
Unusual chickens for the exceptional poultry farmer
Through a series of letters, Sophie Brown, age twelve, tells of her family's move to her Great Uncle Jim's farm, where she begins taking care of some unusual chickens with help from neighbors and friends.
BOOK
The Balancing Act of Clinical Leadership: Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the world of leadership. Every healthcare professional-front-line staff and leaders alike-adapted their work to confront this virus. The contributions of clinical leaders during the COVID-19 pandemic are unique and important. Experiences of clinical leadership reinforce the critical nature of leadership strategy, quality improvement principles, and commitment to integrated, whole-system quality. Clinical leaders, possessing the dual responsibility of front-line care and system-level leadership, hold critical insights regarding change in healthcare organizations as a whole. In their pandemic response, clinical leaders demonstrated key leadership characteristics that required individual growth and facilitated team cohesion: communicating with consistency and humanity; being the first to try; attending to burnout and moral injury; and building bridges to strengthen the overall response. John Kotter's landmark book, Leading Change, provides an anchoring framework for examining the experiences and strategies of clinical leaders during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Journal Article