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"Jones, David J"
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A molecular nematic liquid crystalline material for high-performance organic photovoltaics
Solution-processed organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) hold great promise to enable roll-to-roll printing of environmentally friendly, mechanically flexible and cost-effective photovoltaic devices. Nevertheless, many high-performing systems show best power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) with a thin active layer (thickness is ~100 nm) that is difficult to translate to roll-to-roll processing with high reproducibility. Here we report a new molecular donor, benzodithiophene terthiophene rhodanine (BTR), which exhibits good processability, nematic liquid crystalline behaviour and excellent optoelectronic properties. A maximum PCE of 9.3% is achieved under AM 1.5G solar irradiation, with fill factor reaching 77%, rarely achieved in solution-processed OPVs. Particularly promising is the fact that BTR-based devices with active layer thicknesses up to 400 nm can still afford high fill factor of ~70% and high PCE of ~8%. Together, the results suggest, with better device architectures for longer device lifetime, BTR is an ideal candidate for mass production of OPVs.
There is a trade-off between increasing thickness of active layers in organic photovoltaic cells to be compatible with modern printing techniques and decreasing it to improve the device performance. Sun
et al.
report a nematic liquid crystalline molecular electron donor material used in thick layers.
Journal Article
Long-Term Fenofibrate Treatment in Primary Biliary Cholangitis Improves Biochemistry but Not the UK-PBC Risk Score
Background
Fenofibrate (FF) has been suggested as a second-line agent in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) patients who do not achieve adequate biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) monotherapy. Limited data exist on FF use beyond 12 months, and its long-term effects are unclear.
Aim
To study the biochemical outcome of long-term (>12 months) FF treatment in combination with UDCA (FF + UDCA) in PBC patients and to determine the effect on predicted prognosis using the UK-PBC Risk Score.
Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of all PBC patients treated in a specialist center with FF + UDCA therapy after failure to achieve biochemical response. Liver and renal biochemical indices and the UK-PBC Risk Score at baseline and at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months of FF + UDCA treatment were compared. Biochemical response was assessed using the POISE trial criteria at the end of FF + UDCA treatment.
Results
Data from 23 patients treated with FF + UDCA combination were analyzed. The median dose of fenofibrate was 200 mg/day, and median treatment duration was 21 months (range 1–123 months). Six (26 %) patients discontinued FF within 1 year. In patients who completed 12 months (
n
= 17) and long-term therapy, significant decrease in ALP was seen at 12 (
p
= 0.0002), 24 (
p
= 0.002), and 36 (
p
= 0.03) months. More than 75 % patients met the POISE criteria of ALP response at all study time points. There was no significant improvement in the 5-, 10-, and 15-year UK-PBC Risk Scores after FF + UDCA treatment. No significant renal impairment or adverse events were reported.
Conclusion
The long-term treatment of PBC patients with fenofibrate as an adjunct to UDCA is safe and effective in improving ALP, but the treatment did not significantly reduce the estimated probability of liver-related death or need for liver transplantation.
Journal Article
Gothic effigy : a guide to dark visibilities
Gothic effigy brings together for the first time the multifarious visual motifs and media associated with Gothic, many of which have never received serious study before. This guide is the most comprehensive work in its field, a study aid that draws links between a considerable array of Gothic visual works and artifacts, from the work of Salvator Rosa and the first illustrations of Gothic Blue Books to the latest Gothic painters and graphic artists. Currently popular areas such as Gothic fashion, gaming, T.V. and film are considered, as well as the ghostly images of magic lantern shows. This groundbreaking study will serve as an invaluable reference and research book. In its wide range and closely detailed descriptions, it will be very attractive for students, academics, collectors, fans of popular Gothic culture and general readers.
Book
To Bees or Not to Bees: Greater Honeyguides Sometimes Guide Humans to Animals Other Than Bees, but Likely Not as Punishment
Greater honeyguides (Indicator indicator) are well known to guide human honey hunters to wild bees' nests in exchange for beeswax as food. Centuries of African Indigenous accounts have intriguingly reported that honeyguides occasionally guide humans to animals other than bees, typically large animals dangerous to humans. This is interpreted by some human cultures as punishment for prior failure to reward the bird, and by others as an altruistic warning behavior. Here, we present quantitative evidence from hundreds of honeyguide‐human interactions in Mozambique of greater honeyguides guiding humans to snakes (n = 3) and a dead mammal (n = 1). We show that guiding behavior to these vertebrates was (i) spatially and acoustically analogous to honeyguide behavior when guiding to bees, (ii) did not occur more frequently after not being rewarded with beeswax by humans, and (iii) was rare (3.7% of human‐honeyguide interactions in 1 year; 0% in others). We review historical accounts and cultural explanations for this behavior and use these to inform five hypotheses for why honeyguides guide people to nonbee animals. Our field data were most consistent with the hypothesis that guiding to nonbee animals results from a cognitive recall error of spatial information. We suggest that this behavior is unlikely to function as punishment, yet may coincidentally benefit honeyguides over longer timescales by initiating a human cultural interpretation that reinforces human cultural traditions of rewarding honeyguides with beeswax. We show that greater honeyguides guide humans to nonbee destinations (snakes and a dead mammal); yet this is a rare occurrence, happening in only 3.7% of human‐honeyguide interactions in 1 year and 0% in other years. We show that guiding behavior to these vertebrates is spatially and acoustically similar to honeyguide behavior when guiding to bees; yet it does not more frequently follow rewarding behavior by humans (leaving behind a beeswax food reward) than nonrewarding behavior by humans (humans do not harvest a bees' nest after being guided to it).
Journal Article
Megalodons, mermaids, and climate change : answers to your ocean and atmosphere questions
\"From mythical marine creatures to wacky weather questions, marine scientist Ellen Prager and meteorologist Dave Jones have spent years responding to oft-repeated misinformation and misunderstandings about the ocean and atmosphere. Their colleagues get many of the same questions, time after time. (Should you pee on a jellyfish sting? Do Megalodons still exist? What about mermaids? Can a person be swallowed by a whale? Why is my local forecast for rain wrong all the time?) In this book, the authors use humor, storytelling, and their personal experiences to showcase science misunderstandings related to topics in their fields of expertise: the ocean, marine life, weather, and climate change. In each topical chapter, the authors will present and answer frequently asked and often wacky questions and include additional and relevant information about the subject matter. For example, is the Bermuda Triangle supernatural? Does climate change cause hurricanes? The chapters increase in complexity over the course of the book, from simple yes/no questions (Are mermaids real?) to the very complex topic of climate change. Concluding chapters explore where ocean and climate misinformation originates and how to find trusted sources of information and data in these areas\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Fano interference between collective modes in cuprate high-T c superconductors
Cuprate high-T
superconductors are known for their intertwined interactions and the coexistence of competing orders. Uncovering experimental signatures of these interactions is often the first step in understanding their complex relations. A typical spectroscopic signature of the interaction between a discrete mode and a continuum of excitations is the Fano resonance/interference, characterized by the asymmetric light-scattering amplitude of the discrete mode as a function of the electromagnetic driving frequency. In this study, we report a new type of Fano resonance manifested by the nonlinear terahertz response of cuprate high-T
superconductors, where we resolve both the amplitude and phase signatures of the Fano resonance. Our extensive hole-doping and magnetic field dependent investigation suggests that the Fano resonance may arise from an interplay between the superconducting fluctuations and the charge density wave fluctuations, prompting future studies to look more closely into their dynamical interactions.
Journal Article
Functional Impairment in Alcoholic Liver Disease and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Significant and Persists over 3 Years of Follow-Up
Background and Aims
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are common and increasing in prevalence. We examined prevalence and predictors of functional impairment in biopsy-proven ALD and NAFLD. Change in function over 3 years was explored.
Methods
Validated functional, cognitive, autonomic, and fatigue symptom assessment tools were completed by patients who had attended our liver clinic.
Results
Totals of 224 NAFLD and 107 ALD patients returned the assessment tools. NAFLD and ALD demonstrated comparable functional difficulties, which were significantly worse than controls (
p
< 0.001) with the proportion of participants experiencing difficulty significantly higher [
x
2
8.93(3), (
p
= 0.01)]. No significant functional difficulty was demonstrated between those participants who were pre-cirrhotic or cirrhotic. Independent associations were present between difficulty with function in ALD and higher burden of autonomic and cognitive symptoms (
p
= 0.02) and in NAFLD-increased cognitive difficulty (
p
< 0.0001), age (
p
= 0.001), fatigue (
p
= 0.01), lower albumin (
p
= 0.02), and bilirubin (
p
= 0.04). PHAQ scores increased 21 % 2008–2011 {(3.2/15.6) [15.6 (0–93.8)] to 18.75 (0–90.6)}. Functional difficulty of participants alive [15.6 (0–96.9)] was significantly less compared to those who died [40.6 (0–100)] (
p
= 0.02).
Conclusions
NAFLD and ALD patients experience significant functional impairment affecting activities of daily living that persists over time. This has implications for the management of liver disease and service provision.
Journal Article