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"Jones, Matt"
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Bayesian Fundamentalism or Enlightenment? On the explanatory status and theoretical contributions of Bayesian models of cognition
The prominence of Bayesian modeling of cognition has increased recently largely because of mathematical advances in specifying and deriving predictions from complex probabilistic models. Much of this research aims to demonstrate that cognitive behavior can be explained from rational principles alone, without recourse to psychological or neurological processes and representations. We note commonalities between this rational approach and other movements in psychology – namely, Behaviorism and evolutionary psychology – that set aside mechanistic explanations or make use of optimality assumptions. Through these comparisons, we identify a number of challenges that limit the rational program's potential contribution to psychological theory. Specifically, rational Bayesian models are significantly unconstrained, both because they are uninformed by a wide range of process-level data and because their assumptions about the environment are generally not grounded in empirical measurement. The psychological implications of most Bayesian models are also unclear. Bayesian inference itself is conceptually trivial, but strong assumptions are often embedded in the hypothesis sets and the approximation algorithms used to derive model predictions, without a clear delineation between psychological commitments and implementational details. Comparing multiple Bayesian models of the same task is rare, as is the realization that many Bayesian models recapitulate existing (mechanistic level) theories. Despite the expressive power of current Bayesian models, we argue they must be developed in conjunction with mechanistic considerations to offer substantive explanations of cognition. We lay out several means for such an integration, which take into account the representations on which Bayesian inference operates, as well as the algorithms and heuristics that carry it out. We argue this unification will better facilitate lasting contributions to psychological theory, avoiding the pitfalls that have plagued previous theoretical movements.
Journal Article
Star Wars, the rise of Skywalker : the galactic guide
\"...[a] guide to Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker for younger fans, revealing the characters, creatures, droids, locations, and technology from the new film.\"-- Publisher marketing.
Book
Chronopsychiatry
This editorial summarises the clinical relevance of ‘chronopsychiatry’, defined as the interface between circadian science and mental health science. Chronopsychiatry represents a move towards time-variable perspectives on neurobiology and symptoms, with a greater emphasis on chronotherapeutic interventions.
Journal Article
Stimulation of tumor growth and angiogenesis by low concentrations of RGD-mimetic integrin inhibitors
Inhibitors of α
v
β
3
and α
v
β
5
integrins have previously been shown to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and growth and have entered human clinical trials. Andrew Reynolds and his coworkers now show that low (nanomolar) concentrations of these inhibitors can unexpectedly promote VEGF-dependent tumor angiogenesis and growth
in vivo
. Such effects could compromise the anticancer efficacy of these agents in humans.
Inhibitors of α
v
β
3
and α
v
β
5
integrin have entered clinical trials as antiangiogenic agents for cancer treatment but generally have been unsuccessful. Here we present
in vivo
evidence that low (nanomolar) concentrations of RGD-mimetic α
v
β
3
and α
v
β
5
inhibitors can paradoxically stimulate tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis. We show that low concentrations of these inhibitors promote VEGF-mediated angiogenesis by altering α
v
β
3
integrin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 trafficking, thereby promoting endothelial cell migration to VEGF. The proangiogenic effects of low concentrations of RGD-mimetic integrin inhibitors could compromise their efficacy as anticancer agents and have major implications for the use of RGD-mimetic compounds in humans.
Journal Article
Assortative mating biases marker-based heritability estimators
Many traits are subject to assortative mating, with recent molecular genetic findings confirming longstanding theoretical predictions that assortative mating induces long range dependence across causal variants. However, all marker-based heritability estimators implicitly assume mating is random. We provide mathematical and simulation-based evidence demonstrating that both method-of-moments and likelihood-based estimators are biased in the presence of assortative mating and derive corrected heritability estimators for traits subject to assortment. Finally, we demonstrate that the empirical patterns of estimates across methods and sample sizes for real traits subject to assortative mating are congruent with expected assortative mating-induced biases. For example, marker-based heritability estimates for height are 14% – 23% higher than corrected estimates using UK Biobank data.
Methods for estimating heritability, the fraction of variance attributable to genetic factors, assume random mating. Here, the authors show that under assortative mating, when mate choice reflects phenotypic similarity, these methods produce overestimates.
Journal Article
Incredibles 2 : the official guide
\"Discover everything you wanted to know about brave superheroes, dastardly villains and cool vehicles from Incredibles 2, the awesome new sequel to Disney-Pixar's smash hit movie, The Incredibles. When a new villain hatches a brilliant and dangerous plot, the Parr family and their old friend Frozone must find a way to work together again - which is easier said than done, even when they're all Incredible. This book covers all the memorable and ever-popular characters, plus key locations, themes and iconic moments from the movie.\" -- Amazon.com.
Book
Biotic resistance shapes the influence of propagule pressure on invasion success in bacterial communities
The number of invaders and the timing of invasion are recognized as key determinants of successful invasions. Despite the recognized importance of \"propagule pressure,\" invasion ecology has largely focused on how characteristics of the native community confer invasion resistance. We simultaneously manipulated community composition and invader propagule pressure in microcosm communities of freshwater bacteria. We show that high propagule pressures can be necessary to establish an invader population, but that the influence of propagule pressure depends on the composition of the resident species. In particular, the number of individuals invading was most important to invasion success when one of the species in a resident community is a strong competitor against other species. By contrast, the timing of invasion was most important when communities had lower growth rates. The results suggest that the importance of propagule pressure varies both between communities and within the same community over time, and therefore have implications for the way we understand the relationship between biotic resistance and invasion success.
Journal Article