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Fabrication of Phytosome with Enhanced Activity of Sonneratia alba: Formulation Modeling and in vivo Antimalarial Study
extract exhibits antimalarial activity, mainly due to its secondary metabolites-naphthoquinones, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins-where naphthoquinone is the primary active component. However, its low bioavailability limits its effectiveness. To improve this, a phytosome-based vesicular system was proposed. This study focused on formulating a phytosome with
and developing a predictive model to enhance its antimalarial activity.
Phytosomes were produced using antisolvent precipitation and optimized with 3-factor, 3-level Box-behnken model. Particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency were assessed. The optimized phytosomes were characterized by their physical properties and release profiles. Their antimalarial activity was tested in white BALB/c mice infected with
using Peter's 4-day suppressive test.
The optimal phytosome formulation used a phospholipid-to-extract ratio of 1:3, reflux temperature of 50°C, and a duration of 2.62 hours. The phytosomes had a particle size of 471.8 nm, a zeta potential of -54.1 mV, and an entrapment efficiency (
) of 82.4%. In contrast, the phytosome-fraction showed a particle size of 233.4 nm, a zeta potential of -61.5 mV, and an EE of 87.08%. TEM analysis confirmed both had a spherical shape. In vitro release rates at 24 hours were 86.2 for the phytosome-extract and 95.9% for the phytosome-fraction, compared to 46.9% and 37.7% for the extract and fraction alone. Overall, the phytosome formulation demonstrated good stability. The actual experimental values closely matched the predicted values from the Box-Behnken model, indicating a high degree of accuracy in the model. Additionally, the phytosomes exhibited significantly greater antimalarial activity than the
extract and fraction alone.
The findings indicated that the vesicular formulation in phytosomes can enhance the antimalarial activity of
extract and fraction.
Journal Article
Aggregation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into 3D spheroids enhances their antiinflammatory properties
Previous reports suggested that culture as 3D aggregates or as spheroids can increase the therapeutic potential of the adult stem/progenitor cells referred to as mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Here we used a hanging drop protocol to prepare human MSCs (hMSCs) as spheroids that maximally expressed TNFα stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6), the antiinflammatory protein that was expressed at high levels by hMSCs trapped in the lung after i.v. infusion and that largely explained the beneficial effects of hMSCs in mice with myocardial infarcts. The properties of spheroid hMSCs were found to depend critically on the culture conditions. Under optimal conditions for expression of TSG-6, the hMSCs also expressed high levels of stanniocalcin-1, a protein with both antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. In addition, they expressed high levels of three anticancer proteins: IL-24, TNFα-related apoptosis inducing ligand, and CD82. The spheroid hMSCs were more effective than hMSCs from adherent monolayer cultures in suppressing inflammatory responses in a coculture system with LPS-activated macrophages and in a mouse model for peritonitis. In addition, the spheroid hMSCs were about one-fourth the volume of hMSCs from adherent cultures. Apparently as a result, larger numbers of the cells trafficked through the lung after i.v. infusion and were recovered in spleen, liver, kidney, and heart. The data suggest that spheroid hMSCs may be more effective than hMSCs from adherent cultures in therapies for diseases characterized by sterile tissue injury and unresolved inflammation and for some cancers that are sensitive to antiinflammatory agents.
Journal Article
The Penguin atlas of women in the world
\"World events continue to reveal the importance of understanding how women live across continents and cultures. Using maps, text, and other graphics in this new revision of her eye-opening book, Joni Seager employs up-to-the-minute research and data to show what shifts have occurred since the first edition was published over twenty years ago--the strides made by women and the distance still to be traveled. She explores the current status of women in relation to such key issues as: equality, motherhood, feminism, the culture of beauty, women at work, women in the global economy, changing households, domestic violence, girls' welfare, lesbian rights, women in government. Filled with a wealth of information creatively displayed, The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World is an indispensable resource for understanding the world we live in\"--Page 4 of cover.
P_MAP
Taking stock of value in the orbitofrontal cortex
People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have specific problems making decisions, whereas their other cognitive functions are spared. Neurophysiological studies have shown that OFC neurons fire in proportion to the value of anticipated outcomes. Thus, a central role of the OFC is to guide optimal decision-making by signalling values associated with different choices. Until recently, this view of OFC function dominated the field. New data, however, suggest that the OFC may have a much broader role in cognition by representing cognitive maps that can be used to guide behaviour and that value is just one of many variables that are important for behavioural control. In this Review, we critically evaluate these two alternative accounts of OFC function and examine how they might be reconciled.The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been thought to track value, but new data implicate the OFC in the representation of cognitive maps of associative relationships. Here, Knudsen and Wallis review these hypotheses and examine how they might be reconciled.
Journal Article
The women's atlas
\"In this completely revised, redesigned, and updated new edition of her groundbreaking feminist atlas, Joni Seager provides comprehensive and accessible analysis of the state of women worldwide--charting the progress that has been made and the distances still to be traveled. The Women's Atlas delves into issues of gender equality; literacy and information technology; feminism; the culture of beauty; women at work and the global economy; changing households; domestic violence; LGBTQ rights; government and power; and motherhood, among many others.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Diversity and inclusion for the All of Us research program: A scoping review
The All of Us Research Program (All of Us) is a national effort to accelerate health research by exploring the relationship between lifestyle, environment, and genetics. It is set to become one of the largest research efforts in U.S. history, aiming to build a national resource of data from at least one million participants. All of Us aims to address the need for more diversity in research and set the stage for that diversity to be leveraged in precision medicine research to come. This paper describes how the program assessed demographic characteristics of participants who have enrolled in other U.S. biomedical research cohorts to better understand which groups are traditionally represented or underrepresented in biomedical research. We 1) reviewed the enrollment characteristics of national cohort studies like All of Us, and 2) surveyed the literature, focusing on key diversity categories essential to the program's enrollment aims. Based on these efforts, All of Us emphasizes enrollment of racial and ethnic minorities, and has formally designated the following additional groups as historically underrepresented: individuals-with inadequate access to medical care; under the age of 18 or over 65; with an annual household income at or below 200% of the federal poverty level; who have a cognitive or physical disability; have less than a high school education or equivalent; are intersex; identify as a sexual or gender minority; or live in rural or non-metropolitan areas. Research accounting for wider demographic variability is critical. Only by ensuring diversity and by addressing the very barriers that limit it, can we position All of Us to better understand and tackle health disparities.
Journal Article
250-year-old tube worms!
Tube worms are some of the strangest-looking creatures of the deep sea, not to mention they live in some of the most inhospitable places on Earth. Young readers will love discovering just how these freaky animals not only live, but thrive for centuries. Discoveries are happening constantly these days, as new technologies finally allow scientists to explore the deep sea's cold seeps and hydrothermal vents.
Book
Anthropometric clothing measurements from 3D body scans
We propose a full processing pipeline to acquire anthropometric measurements from 3D measurements. The first stage of our pipeline is a commercial point cloud scanner. In the second stage, a pre-defined body model is fitted to the captured point cloud. We have generated one male and one female model from the SMPL library. The fitting process is based on non-rigid iterative closest point algorithm that minimizes overall energy of point distance and local stiffness energy terms. In the third stage, we measure multiple circumference paths on the fitted model surface and use a nonlinear regressor to provide the final estimates of anthropometric measurements. We scanned 194 male and 181 female subjects, and the proposed pipeline provides mean absolute errors from 2.5 to 16.0 mm depending on the anthropometric measurement.
Journal Article