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"Jonson, Cheryl Lero"
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Public Concern about Terrorism: Fear, Worry, and Support for Anti-Muslim Policies
In the era of 9/11, terrorist attacks occur with sufficient frequency and lethality to constitute a realistic threat to the well-being of the American public. Sensing this concern, politicians emphasize the threat of violent attacks to advance a platform of making public safety a priority. In this context, the authors assess the extent, sources, and emotional impact of the public’s concern about terrorism. On the basis of a national survey of 1,000 Americans, the authors examine levels of fear of a terrorist attack and worry about terrorism relative to other potential harms. They also determine whether concern about terrorism translates into support for homeland security measures that target Muslims. Of the predictors in the authors’ models, gender, religiosity, and psychological distress were most consistently associated with fear of terrorism and worry about being a victim of a terrorist attack. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that terrorism-related fear and worry predict support for anti-Muslim policies.
Journal Article
Race, Racism, and Support for Capital Punishment
There is a clear racial divide in support for the death penalty, with whites favoring and blacks opposing this sanction. This divide has persisted for decades and remains statistically and substantively significant even when controls are introduced for the known correlates of death penalty attitudes. A meaningful portion of this chasm is explained, however, by racism, with whites who manifest animus to blacks being more likely to embrace the lethal punishment of offenders. This relationship likely exists cross‐nationally. Data from Great Britain, France, Spain, and Japan show that animosity to racial or ethnic minorities predicts support for capital punishment in these nations. In the United States, the greater support for capital punishment among whites, particularly those who harbor racial or ethnic resentments, undermines the legitimacy of the state and its use of the ultimate penalty. Consistent with conflict theory, white support of the death penalty is likely based on the perceived “social threat” posed by racial, ethnic, and immigrant groups. African American opposition to the death penalty is perhaps best explained by a historically rooted fear of state power, which is captured by the concept of the “state threat” hypothesis.
Journal Article
Imprisonment and Reoffending
Imprisonment is the most severe punishment in democratic societies except for capital punishment, which is used only in the United States. Crime prevention is its primary rationale. Imprisonment may affect reoffending in various ways. It may be reduced by some combination of rehabilitation and what criminologists call specific deterrence. Sound arguments can be made, however, for a criminogenic effect (e.g., due to antisocial prison experiences or to stigma endured upon release). Remarkably little is known about the effects of imprisonment on reoffending. The existing research is limited in size, in quality, in its insights into why a prison term might be criminogenic or preventative, and in its capacity to explain why imprisonment might have differential effects depending on offenders’ personal and social characteristics. Compared with noncustodial sanctions, incarceration appears to have a null or mildly criminogenic effect on future criminal behavior. This conclusion is not sufficiently firm to guide policy generally, though it casts doubt on claims that imprisonment has strong specific deterrent effects. The evidence does provide a basis for outlining components of an agenda for substantive and policy relevant research.
Journal Article
Faith in Trump, Moral Foundations, and Social Distancing Defiance during the Coronavirus Pandemic
Purpose:
Over the past several months, the coronavirus has infected more than six million Americans and killed nearly 200,000. Governors have issued stay-at-home orders, and prosecutors have filed criminal charges against individuals for defying those orders. And yet many Americans have still refused to keep their distance from their fellow citizens, even if they had symptoms of infection. The authors explore the underlying causes for those who intend to defy these norms.
Methods:
Using national-level data from a March 2020 survey of 989 Americans, the authors explore intentions to defy social distancing norms by testing an interactionist theory of foundation-based moral behavior in combination with faith in President Trump during the coronavirus pandemic. The analysis controls for a range of variables, including measures of low self-control and deterrence.
Results:
Low self-control is the strongest predictor of defiance intentions. Consistent with interactionist theory, defiance intentions are significantly higher for those holding specific faith in Trump and those endorsing binding foundations. Furthermore, the interaction of these two variables is significant and in the predicted direction. The results hold for two different measures of faith in Trump.
Conclusions:
Even with a strong effect for low self-control, faith in President Trump is a strong predictor of refusal to social-distance, and its effect is largest among individuals high in binding foundations.
Journal Article
Prisoner Reentry Programs
Only in the past decade has prisoner reentry been “discovered” and become a central policy concern in the United States. This is due in part to the sheer number of released inmates (more than 600,000 annually) and in part to a movement that has defined the issue as “reentry.” A growing number of programs have been created in prisons and the community. Implementing them effectively, however, poses substantial challenges. A wide diversity of programs fall under the rubric and only a limited number of rigorous evaluations have been conducted. Research suggests that, overall, reentry services reduce recidivism, but program effects are heterogeneous and at times criminogenic. Effective programs tend to be consistent with the risk-need-responsivity model. A sustained effort to evaluate carefully designed programs rigorously is needed and may require development of a “criminology of reentry.” More needs to be understood about why recidivism rates are high in the first year after reentry, why some offenders have late-onset failure, whether who comes home matters, and how stigma and other collateral consequences of conviction can be managed.
Journal Article
Reinventing Community Corrections
Community corrections in the twenty-first century faces three challenges: how to be an alternative to imprisonment, how to be a conduit for reducing recidivism, and how to do less harm to offenders and their families and communities. Community corrections will reduce imprisonment only if its use is viewed as a legitimate form of punishment and is incentivized, which involves subsidizing the use of community sanctions and making communities pay to imprison offenders (e.g., a cap-and-trade system). To reduce recidivism, it will be necessary to hold officials accountable for this outcome, to ensure that evidence-based supervision is practiced, to use technology to deliver treatment services, and to create information systems that can guide the development, monitoring, and evaluation of interventions. Doing less harm—avoiding iatrogenic effects—will require nonintervention with low-risk offenders, reducing the imposition of needless constraints on offenders (i.e., collateral consequences), and creating opportunities for offenders to be redeemed.
Journal Article
Training as an opportunity for change: A pretest–posttest study of pre-service correctional officer orientations
Objectives
To conduct the first outcome evaluation of pre-service academy training instruction on newly hired correctional officers’ custodial and rehabilitative orientations toward those serving time in prisons.
Method
A quasi-experimental design involving 505 pre-service correctional officers from three states was conducted. Officers were surveyed prior to and immediately after their academy training instruction. Changes in their orientations were assessed with
t
-tests and are displayed graphically.
Results
Basic academy training affects rehabilitative orientations insofar as officers are subjected to more hours of specific training. Changes were observed among officers whose training consisted of 8 hours of rehabilitation training.
Conclusions
Our results suggest training academies may be an effective vehicle for changing correctional officers’ orientations toward rehabilitation. State governments should take heed and consider whether training regimens should include a greater emphasis on rehabilitation.
Journal Article
Unraveling Work Reactions in a Sales Occupation: A Test of Three Models
The American economy has moved into a post-industrial society, where the main focus is now on the provision of services and the creation of knowledge rather than the manufacturing of material goods. In this context, the current project examines the job experiences of sales workers in this new economy. Based on a survey of a large Midwest sales firm, we examine the influence of various individual and work-related characteristics on four negative reactions: work dissatisfaction, lack of organizational commitment, work stress, and life stress. The study also assesses the impact on these outcomes from three theoretical perspectives: the Importation Model, the Work Role-Occupational Socialization Model, and the Work-Family Spillover Model. Using OLS regression, the analyses revealed three major conclusions. First, individual characteristics, including being a woman, had little impact on work reactions, lending little support for the Importation Model. Second, work-role experiences, particularly supervisory support and role overload, shaped job-related reactions consistent with the Work Role-Occupational Socialization Model. And third, when the intersection of work and family was examined, spillover effects were mainly confined to feelings of work and life stress, giving partial support for the Work-Family Spillover Model. This indicates that although they generally do not reduce employees' commitment to or satisfaction with their careers, family-related factors do impact levels of stress that workers endure.
Journal Article
A Pretest-Posttest Evaluation of Academy Training and Fear of Beginning a Correctional Officer Career
[...]the current study explores these issues by measuring the baseline levels of fear among newly hired correctional officers before assuming their posts in state prisons. [...]the officers learn the reality about the prison environment and about those serving time in prisons, which should serve to reduce their fear and apprehension toward this population (Gordon & Baker, 2017; Kois et al., 2020). [...]the current study explores the differential impacts of academy training on fear for distinct categories of officers by disaggregating the sample into 4 subgroups: (1) male trainees, (2) female trainees, (3) White trainees, and (4) non-White trainees. Because prior research reveals that correctional officers' fear is associated with a variety of negative outcomes, affecting not only the officers but the organization at large (Taxman & Gordon, 2009), this exploratory study provides a critical insight into an overlooked aspect of correctional officer academy training. Though a variety of domains have been used to measure correctional officer fear, such as cognitive and emotional fear (e.g., Gordon & Baker, 2017), the current study relies on a global measure of fear. [...]officers were asked the following question: \"How fearful are you to begin a career as a correctional officer?\" Officers were asked to respond on a 10-point scale (ranging from 1 = not fearful at all to 10 = extremely fearful), with higher values corresponding to greater levels of fear.
Trade Publication Article