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Xinjiang, China, is arid, and its ecological environment is fragile. Tulipa iliensis is mainly distributed in the Xinjiang region of China, with an altitude of around 800–2100 m. As an important part of desert vegetation, it plays a very important role in the stability of regional ecosystems. To understand how Tulipa iliensis adapts to changes in altitude in arid areas and uncover its ecological adaptation strategy, the study focused on the rhizosphere soil from seven natural distribution areas (1386~2073 m) of Tulipa iliensis in Xinjiang. The growth indicators (plant height, leaf length, fresh weight and dry weight of each organ), physical and chemical properties of the rhizosphere soil (total nitrogen, organic matter, organic carbon, total phosphorus, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH, moisture content) and rhizosphere soil enzyme activities (phosphatase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, urease, sucrase, catalase) of Tulipa iliensis in each distribution area were determined, revealing the response of the ecological adaptation of Tulipa iliensis to altitude change. The results revealed that (1) at altitudes ranging from 1386 ~ 2073 m, the variation coefficient of the growth indicators of Tulipa iliensis ranged from 7.64 to 48.62%; among them, the variation degree of the leaf fresh weight was the highest, the variation coefficient was 48.62%, the variation degree of the root dry weight was the smallest, and the variation coefficient was 7.64%. Moreover, regression analysis revealed that altitude was significantly positively correlated with the plant height and leaf length of Tulipa iliensis , which was the main factor affecting its growth indicators. (2) The coefficients of variation for the physical and chemical properties of the rhizosphere soil of associated with Tulipa iliensis exhibited a range from 2.47 to 53.43%; Notably, total potassium, available phosphorus, organic carbon, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen displayed coefficients of variation exceeding 40%; In constrast, the variation in pH was minimal, with pH values ranging from 7.52 to 8.07, which suggests that the soil is weakly alkaline in nature. (3) As altitude increases, the coefficient of variation for the rhizosphere soil enzyme activity of Tulipa iliensis exhibited a range from 10.87 to 34.29%, the enzyme with the highest variation was soil sucrase, while the enzyme demonstrating the least variation was rhizosphere soil polyphenol oxidase. (4) Redundancy analysis indicated that the total nitrogen, total phosphorus and sucrase activities in the rhizosphere soil of Tulipa iliensis were the key factors influencing its adaptation to various ecological environments. The findings of this research offer significant theoretical insights for the sustainable management of Tulipa iliensis vegetation in arid regions, as well as for the restoration and rehabilitation of desert ecosystems.

Saussurea inversa is a perennial herb used in traditional Chinese medicine and is effective against rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of S. inversa (GenBank accession number: ON584565.1). The circular mt genome of S. inversa was 335,372 bp in length, containing 62 genes, including 33 mRNAs, 22 tRNAs, 6 rRNAs, and 1 pseudogene, along with 1626 open reading frames. The GC content was 45.14%. Predictive analysis revealed substantial RNA editing, with ccmFn being the most abundantly edited gene, showing 36 sites. Gene migration between the mt and chloroplast (cp) genomes of S. inversa was observed through the detection of homologous gene fragments. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that S. inversa was clustered with Arctium tomentosum (Asteraceae). Our findings provide extensive information regarding the mt genome of S. inversa and help lay the foundation for future studies on its genetic variations, phylogeny, and breeding via the analysis of the mt genome.

The chloroplast genome and evolutionary relationship analysis of Tulipa patens could provide fundamental genetic reference for its molecular breeding and biological research. The complete chloroplast genome of T. patens was sequenced and reported here. The genome was 152,050 bp in length, containing a pair of inverted repeated regions (26,330 bp) which were separated by a large single copy region of 82,184 bp, and a small single copy region of 17,206 bp. A total of 133 functional genes were annotated, including 87 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The phylogenetic relationships of 10 species indicated that T. patens was closely related to Tulipa sylvestris.

The complete chloroplast genome of Tulipa buhseana was sequenced and reported here. The circular genome of T. buhseana is 152,062 bp in length and contains 133 functional genes consisting of 87 coding sequences, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. With 1 species from Smilacaceae and 1 species from Alstroemeriaceae as outgroup, phylogenetic relationships of 8 Liliaceae species based on their chloroplast genomes indicated that T. buhseana is closest to T. altaica.

The chloroplast genome and evolutionary relationship analysis of Tulipa gesneriana L. could provide fundamental genetic reference for its molecular breeding and biological research. The complete chloroplast genome of Tulipa iliensis was sequenced and reported here. Its chloroplast genome was 151,744 bp in length, containing a pair of inverted repeated regions (26,354 bp) which were separated by a large single copy region of 81,794 bp, and a small single copy region of 17,242 bp. Moreover, a total of 133 functional genes were annotated, including 87 mRNA, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes.The phylogenetic relationships of 16 species indicated that T. iliensis was closely related to T. altaica.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Eristalia cerealis was sequenced and reported here. The circle genome of the syrphid fly is 15,348 bp in length. There are 38 sequence elements including 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a control region. The order of all elements was the same with that of E. tenax. With 2 species from Muscidae and Drosophilidae as outgroups, phylogenetic relationships of 10 Syrphidae species based on mitogenomes were in complete agreement with their taxonomic relationships based on morphological characteristics. Our result will provide more fundamental data to the development of the molecular systematics of Syrphidae.

Comprehensive evaluation based on mineral element content is one of the effective methods for the exploration and utilization of wild tulip germplasm resources. In this study, Tulipa iliensis, Tulipa tianschanica and Tulipa heterophylla distributed in China were used as the research objects. The contents of 10 mineral elements (N, K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) in roots, bulbs and leaves were determined, and the three wild tulips were comprehensively evaluated by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed distinct variations in mineral element content among different organs of T. iliensis, T. tianschanica and T. heterophylla, with T. heterophylla exhibiting significantly higher mineral content across all organs compared to the other two wild tulips. Correlation analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) inter-element relationships in T. iliensis, T. tianschanica and T. heterophylla, with positive correlations between N and P, Ca and Zn in roots, P and Mg, P and Cu, Mg and Cu in bulbs, K and Mg, K and Fe, Zn and Mn, Mg and Fe in leaves, alongside a negative S and Fe correlation in leaves. The comprehensive evaluation identified N, S, Ca, and Zn as representative elements for assessing the three wild tulips, with their abundance ranking as follows: T. heterophylla > T. iliensis > T. tianschanica. The results of cluster analysis showed that T. heterophylla was clustered into one category in the roots because of the rich content of mineral elements. T. iliensis and T. tianschanica were clustered into one category in the bulbs because the accumulation of S element was higher than T. heterophylla. T. iliensis and T. heterophylla were clustered into one category in the leaves because of the rich content of mineral elements. The distribution of diverse mineral elements enables wild tulip germplasm resources to adapt to varied natural habitats, playing a decisive role in their response to specific environmental stresses. Studying mineral elements is an important way to gain an in-depth understanding of tulip germplasm resources. The results are of practical significance for conserving wild tulip resources and achieving sustainable utilization.

Tulipa iliensis, as a wild plant resource, possesses high ornamental value and can provide abundant parental materials for tulip breeding. The objective of this research was to forecast the worldwide geographical spread of Tulipa iliensis by considering bioclimatic, soil, and topographic variables, the findings of this research can act as a benchmark for the conservation, management, and utilization of Tulipa iliensis as a wild plant resource. Research results indicate that all 12 models have an area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) values greater than 0.968 for the paleoclimatic, current, and future climate scenarios, this suggests an exceptionally high level of predictive accuracy for the models. The distribution of Tulipa iliensis is influenced by several key factors. These factors include the mean temperature of the driest quarter (Bio9), calcium carbonate content (T_CACO), slope, precipitation of the driest month (Bio14), Basic saturation (T_BS), and precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19). During the three paleoclimate climate scenarios, the appropriate habitats for Tulipa iliensis showed a pattern of expansion-contraction expansion. Furthermore, the total suitable area accounted for 13.38%, 12.28%, and 13.28% of the mainland area, respectively. According to the current climate scenario, the High-suitability area covers 61.78472 × 10 km, which accounts for 6.57% of the total suitable area, The Mid-suitability area covers 190.0938 × 10 km, accounting for 20.2% of the total suitable area, this represents a decrease of 63.53%~67.13% compared to the suitable area of Tulipa iliensis under the paleoclimate scenario. Under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios, in 2050 and 2090, Tulipa iliensis is projected to experience a decrease in the High, Mid, and Low-suitability areas under the SSP126 climate scenario by 7.10%~12.96%, 2.96%~4.27% and 4.80%~7.96%, respectively. According to the SSP245 scenario, the high suitability area experienced a slight expansion of 2.26% in 2050, but a reduction of 6.32% in 2090. In the SSP370 scenario, the High-suitability areas had a larger reduction rate of 11.24% in 2050, while the Mid-suitability and Low-suitability areas had smaller expansion rates of 0.36% and 4.86%, respectively. In 2090, the High-suitability area decreased by 4.84%, while the Mid and Low-suitability areas experienced significant expansions of 15.73% and 45.89%, respectively. According to the SSP585 scenario, in the future, the High, Mid, and Low-suitability areas are projected to increase by 5.09%~7.21%, 7.57%~17.66%, and 12.30%~48.98%, respectively. The research offers enhanced theoretical direction for preserving Tulipa iliensis’ genetic variety amidst evolving climatic scenarios.