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Landfill remains economically viable for the disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), however, experiences of failure in several Colombian and global locations, lead to soil, water, and air pollution, harming ecosystems, and biodiversity. Numerical models can help improve the design by considering biodegradation, hydraulic, thermal, and mechanical phenomena involved in landfills. This paper presents a simulation of the landfill biodegradation, calibrating parameters to make results match experimental data from previous references. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to implement McDougall's biodegradation model, tracking organic matter transformation into volatile fatty acids (VFA) and methane (CH4) production via acetogenesis. Parameters taken from previous references were recalibrated to fit data from six US landfills. The results for the concentration variation with time for organic matter, VFA and CH4 successfully follows the expected behavior and fits the experimental data. McDougall's 2007 model, successfully implemented in COMSOL, can be calibrated for data from Colombian and global landfills. Los rellenos sanitarios siguen siendo económicamente viables para la disposición de Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU), sin embargo, experiencias de fallas en varios lugares de Colombia y el mundo, conducen a la contaminación del suelo, agua y aire, perjudicando los ecosistemas, y la biodiversidad. Los modelos numéricos pueden ayudar a mejorar el diseño considerando los fenómenos de biodegradación, hidráulicos, térmicos y mecánicos involucrados en los rellenos sanitarios. Este trabajo presenta una simulación de la biodegradación en rellenos sanitarios, calibrando los parámetros para que los resultados coincidan con los datos experimentales de la literatura técnica. Se utilizó COMSOL Multiphysics para implementar el modelo de biodegradación de McDougall, siguiendo la transformación de la materia orgánica en ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) y la producción de metano (CH4) vía acetogénesis. Los parámetros tomados de referencias anteriores se recalibraron para ajustarlos a los datos de seis vertederos estadounidenses. Los resultados de la variación de la concentración con el tiempo para la materia orgánica, los AGV y el CH4 siguen satisfactoriamente el comportamiento esperado y se ajustan a los datos experimentales. El modelo de McDougall de 2007, implementado con éxito en COMSOL, puede calibrarse para datos de rellenos colombianos y mundiales.

Perioperative fasting guidelines differ in their approaches to chewing gum in the preoperative period. Current recommendations range from canceling the surgery to proceeding with it. Given this lack of consensus, we performed gastric ultrasound assessments in healthy volunteers before and after a standardized period of chewing gum. The objective of our study was to determine if chewing gum for 1 h change the gastric volume. Observational prospective analytical study. Bedside gastric ultrasound. Following institutional Review Board approval, 55 healthy (American Society of Anesthesiologists class I to II) fasted (non-surgical research) volunteers provided written informed consent to participate in the study. Morbid obesity, renal failure, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy and previous upper abdominal surgery were exclusion criteria. Volunteers chewed gum for 1 h between the first and second assessment. Four gastric ultrasound assessments were performed, the first one at baseline and then hourly thereafter. Fifty-five healthy volunteers were studied. The proportion of subjects who presented a completely empty stomach (Grade 0 antrum) was similar at baseline and after 1 h of gum-chewing [81% vs. 84%, p = 0.19, CI 95% (−12%, 16%)]. Among those subjects who had visible fluid at baseline, the volume remained unchanged throughout the study period. One hour of gum-chewing had no significant effect on the gastric fluid volume of healthy volunteers, suggesting that it may be safe for healthy subjects to chew gum prior to elective surgery. •One hour of gum-chewing had no significant effect on the gastric fluid volumen.•It may be safe for healthy subjects to chew gum prior surgery.•Surgery should not be cancelled or delayed due to chewing-gum.

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene, which encodes for a putative lysosomal transmembrane protein with thus far undescribed structure and function. Here we investigate the membrane topology of human CLN3 protein with a combination of advanced molecular cloning, spectroscopy, and in silico computation. Using the transposomics cloning method we first created a library of human CLN3 cDNA clones either with a randomly inserted eGFP, a myc-tag, or both. The functionality of the clones was evaluated by assessing their ability to revert a previously reported lysosomal phenotype in immortalized cerebellar granular cells derived from Cln3Δex7/8 mice (CbCln3Δex7/8). The double-tagged clones were expressed in HeLa cells, and FRET was measured between the donor eGFP and an acceptor DyLight547 coupled to a monoclonal α-myc antibody to assess their relative membrane orientation. The data were used together with previously reported experimental data to compile a constrained membrane topology model for hCLN3 using TOPCONS consensus membrane prediction algorithm. Our model with six transmembrane domains and cytosolic N- and C-termini largely agrees with those previously suggested but differs in terms of the transmembrane domain positions as well as in the size of the luminal loops. This finding improves understanding the function of the native hCLN3 protein.

En este artículo de reflexión se analiza la manera en que los desarrollos alrededor de la problemática de la protección de los derechos humanos han influido en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano en materia de reparación de daños, especialmente en el concepto tradicional de reparación integral. Dado que los daños que se presentan en casos de graves violaciones a los derechos humanos suelen trascender la esfera de la víctima afectando su entorno y comunidad, se ha ampliado en la actualidad el espectro indemnizatorio para incluir, además de la reparación en dinero, medidas de restitución, satisfacción y rehabilitación, entre otras.

La colaboración interinstitucional en el Estado surge como efecto de una ola de reforma acuñada como nueva gerencia pública. A pesar de ser un objeto ampliamente estudiado, la colaboración interinstitucional aún plantea una agenda de investigación en desarrollo, en la que los estudios organizacionales tienen un rol de interés. Este artículo persigue un triple objetivo: i) situar la colaboración interinstitucional en el universo de interés de los estudios organizacionales; ii) explicar el contexto de la génesis de la colaboración interinstitucional como parte de debates sobre la organización del Estado; y iii) aportar a la literatura al identificar y describir las prácticas típicas de colaboración interinstitucional a partir de una revisión de literatura con enfoque de desarrollo teórico. Se ofrece un marco analítico basado en prácticas de colaboración y, como tal, un aporte al campo de estudios con una base que ofrece patrones y permitiría el desarrollo de estudios cuantitativos. El resultado arroja como prácticas típicas de colaboración inter-institucional i) la agregación de acciones sectoriales, ii) la consulta mutua, iii) la conformación de unidades, y iv) la conformación de comités y subcomités. La discusión elabora una lectura reflexiva de la tipología en tanto marco analítico para la indagación y la acción. A modo de cierre, el texto discute los factores habilitantes que aportan mayor operacionalidad a los mecanismos de colaboración interinstitucional según la literatura. Inter-institutional cooperation at the State level is the result of a series of reforms coined as new public management. Despite being a widely studied issue, inter-institutional cooperation still has a research agenda under development, in which organizational studies play an interesting role. This article pursues a threefold objective: i) place inter- institutional cooperation within organizational studies research interests; ii) explain the context of the genesis of inter-institutional cooperation as part of the debates around the organization of States; iii) contribute to the existing literature by identifying and describing inter-institutional cooperation typical practices through a literature review based on a theoretical development approach. Therefore, our work provides an analytical framework based on collaborative practices and, as such, a contribution to the field of organizational studies with a foundation that offers patterns and would allow the development of quantitative studies. The results show that: i) the aggregation of sectoral actions, ii) mutual consultation, iii) the establishment of units, and iv) the conformation of committees and subcommittees are common practices for inter-institutional cooperation. The discussion of the results develops a reflective reading of the typology as an analytical framework for inquiry and action. To conclude, this paper discusses the enabling factors that grant inter-institutional cooperation mechanisms greater operationality, according to the literature. a colaboração interinstitucional no Estado surge como efeito de uma onda de reforma definida como nova gerência pública. Apesar de ser um objeto amplamente estudado, a colaboração interinstitucional ainda propõe uma agenda de pesquisa em desenvolvimento, na qual os estudos organizacionais têm um papel relevante. Este artigo busca três objetivos: i) situar a colaboração interinstitucional no universo de interesse dos estudos organizacionais; ii) explicar o contexto da gênese da colaboração interinstitucional como parte de debates sobre a organização do Estado e iii) colaborar com a literatura ao identificar e descrever as práticas típicas de colaboração interinstitucional a partir de uma revisão de literatura com abordagem de desenvolvimento técnico. Oferece-se um contexto analítico baseado em práticas de colaboração e, como tal, um aporte ao campo de estudos com uma base que oferece padrões e permitiria o desenvolvimento de estudos quantitativos. O resultado aponta práticas típicas de colaboração interinstitucional, como i) a adição de ações setoriais, ii) a consulta mútua, iii) a formação de unidades e iv) a formação de comitês e subcomitês. A discussão elabora uma leitura reflexiva da tipologia como marco analítico para a indagação e para a ação. Como conclusão, o texto discute os fatores habilitantes que oferecem maior operacionalidade aos mecanismos de colaboração interinstitucional de acordo com a literatura. La collaboration interinstitutionnelle au sein de l’État est l’effet d’une vague de réformes qualifiée de nouvelle gestion publique. Si bien elle est un objet largement étudié, la collaboration interinstitutionnelle soulève encore un agenda de recherche en développement, dans lequel les études organisationnelles ont un rôle intéressant. Cet article poursuit un triple objectif: i) placer la collaboration interinstitutionnelle dans l'univers d'intérêt des études organisationnelles; ii) expliquer le contexte de la genèse de la collaboration interinstitutionnelle dans le cadre des débats sur l'organisation de l'Etat; et iii) contribuer à la littérature en identifiant et en décrivant les pratiques typiques de collaboration interinstitutionnelle sur la base d'une revue de la littérature avec une approche de développement théorique. On offre un cadre analytique basé sur des pratiques collaboratives et, à ce titre, une contribution au domaine des études avec une base qui offre des modèles et qui permettrait le développement d'études quantitatives. Le résultat montre que les pratiques typiques de collaboration interinstitutionnelle sont: i) l'agrégation des actions sectorielles, ii) la concertation mutuelle, iii) la formation d'unités, et iv) la formation de comités et sous-comités. La discussion développe une lecture réflexive de la typologie en tant que cadre analytique pour l'enquête et l'action. En guise de conclusion, le texte examine les facteurs favorables qui confèrent une plus grande opérationnalité aux mécanismes de collaboration interinstitutionnelle selon la littérature.

Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent arrhythmia. Its classification according to pattern and clinical type allows to decide the therapeutic strategy to use, that most include control of symptoms and prevention of cardioembolic events. The election of the treatment depends on the presence of triggering events, risk factors for thromboembolism, risk factors for bleeding, cardiac function, patient funcionality, medication costoefectiveness and health care access. The type of anticoagulant has to be supported on the type of atrial fibrillation and the presence of contraindications, documented ineffective anticoagulation or high risk of failure to warfarin. In case of contraindications for anticoagulation this could still be used in high bleeding risk patients, when risk factors are controllable or corrected; leaving left atrial appendage closure as an option for patients that remain in high risk for bleeding events.

El deseo de cumplir estándares modernos estéticos corporales no alcanzables afecta la salud mental, debido a que las personas internalizan los ideales de belleza y aceptan las presiones sociales acerca de la apariencia corporal incluso por encima de su bienestar. El objetivo del presente estudio instrumental fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de actitudes socioculturales sobre la apariencia (SATAQ-4) en población colombiana, para lo cual se utilizó una muestra estratificada no aleatorizada conformada por 214 personas -138 mujeres y 76 hombres-, con un promedio de edad de 25.13 años (DE = 7.66). Se retomó la versión en español del instrumento validado en Argentina, que fue evaluada por jueces expertos para realizar la adaptación lingüística y que se aplicó a una muestra piloto antes de la aplicación definitiva, hecha bajo las normas éticas exigidas. Se realizó el análisis de las condiciones psicométricas desde la teoría de respuesta al ítem, mediante el modelo Rasch, y por medio del software WINSTEPS. Los resultados indican que la versión en español cumple las condiciones psicométricas adecuadas en las cinco dimensiones que componen el instrumento (.72-.94); y que el grado de dificultad y de habilidad alcanzan valores de ajuste apropiados, lo que indica que el cuestionario cuenta con adecuadas condiciones psicométricas y mantiene su estructura interna original. En conclusión, la versión final de esta adaptación del SATAQ-4 puede ser utilizada en población de similar procedencia, a fin de evaluar el efecto de los aspectos socioculturales en la satisfacción con la imagen corporal.

Colombia hosts the largest Autosomal-Dominant Alzheimer's Disease (ADAD) kindred caused by the PSEN1-E280A genetic variant, with full penetrance. This ADAD is well-characterized in terms of clinical and biomarker research, but Electroencephalography (EEG) as a biomarker is still under development. EEG facilitates understanding brain function and electrophysiological changes in ADAD. Dual-task (DT) paradigms, particularly during gait and upper extremity function, are useful biomarkers to determine cognitive impairments, due to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. EEG and DT are non-invasive, portable, and feasible in outpatient settings, making them highly accessible for clinical practice. The study sample includes two groups, asymptomatic carriers (n = 37) and non-carriers (n = 42) of the PSEN1-E280A variant. EEG data were recorded during a dual-task paradigm involving two tasks. The first task was a motor task (single-task) involving upper extremity flexion-extension. The second was a motor-cognitive task (dual-task), which included subtraction by 7 (DTS7), by 1 (DTS1) or verbal fluency with animals (DTAN). EEG signals were collected using the OpenBCI system from frontal and central regions. Data were processed and spectral and neural dynamics features were extracted. Dual-task cost (DTC) was calculated as the difference between metric values under dual-task and single-task conditions, computed across channels and frequency bands for each feature. The extracted metrics were statistically analyzed using Cohen's-D effect size and Mann-Whitney U-tests to assess differences. The most notable effect sizes were observed in entropy for Beta1 and Beta3 bands in frontal regions for the DTS7 and DTS1 tasks, Beta2 relative power in C4 during DTAN, Theta modulation in the Theta and alpha-1 bands in frontal regions during DTS7, and Alpha2 modulations in the same task. The proposed experiment effectively extracted brain information that differentiates between carriers and non-carriers of the PSEN1-E280A variant. DTC values in the alpha band (frontal and central regions) and the beta band (central regions) exhibited larger effect sizes, suggesting that these areas are sensitive to preclinical cognitive and motor differences. The experimental paradigm and data-processing pipeline ensured the acquisition of EEG data with meaningful neurological information. This combination of novel biomarkers enhances non-invasive and portable tools for identifying ADAD carriers during preclinical stages.

Background Colombia hosts the largest Autosomal‐Dominant Alzheimer's Disease (ADAD) kindred caused by the PSEN1‐E280A genetic variant, with full penetrance. This ADAD is well‐characterized in terms of clinical and biomarker research, but Electroencephalography (EEG) as a biomarker is still under development. EEG facilitates understanding brain function and electrophysiological changes in ADAD. Dual‐task (DT) paradigms, particularly during gait and upper extremity function, are useful biomarkers to determine cognitive impairments, due to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. EEG and DT are non‐invasive, portable, and feasible in outpatient settings, making them highly accessible for clinical practice. Method The study sample includes two groups, asymptomatic carriers (n = 37) and non‐carriers (n = 42) of the PSEN1‐E280A variant. EEG data were recorded during a dual‐task paradigm involving two tasks. The first task was a motor task (single‐task) involving upper extremity flexion‐extension. The second was a motor‐cognitive task (dual‐task), which included subtraction by 7 (DTS7), by 1 (DTS1) or verbal fluency with animals (DTAN). EEG signals were collected using the OpenBCI system from frontal and central regions. Data were processed and spectral and neural dynamics features were extracted. Dual‐task cost (DTC) was calculated as the difference between metric values under dual‐task and single‐task conditions, computed across channels and frequency bands for each feature. The extracted metrics were statistically analyzed using Cohen's‐D effect size and Mann‐Whitney U‐tests to assess differences. Result The most notable effect sizes were observed in entropy for Beta1 and Beta3 bands in frontal regions for the DTS7 and DTS1 tasks, Beta2 relative power in C4 during DTAN, Theta modulation in the Theta and alpha‐1 bands in frontal regions during DTS7, and Alpha2 modulations in the same task. Conclusion The proposed experiment effectively extracted brain information that differentiates between carriers and non‐carriers of the PSEN1‐E280A variant. DTC values in the alpha band (frontal and central regions) and the beta band (central regions) exhibited larger effect sizes, suggesting that these areas are sensitive to preclinical cognitive and motor differences. The experimental paradigm and data‐processing pipeline ensured the acquisition of EEG data with meaningful neurological information. This combination of novel biomarkers enhances non‐invasive and portable tools for identifying ADAD carriers during preclinical stages.

Background Colombia hosts the largest Autosomal‐Dominant Alzheimer's Disease (ADAD) kindred caused by the PSEN1‐E280A genetic variant, with full penetrance. This ADAD is well‐characterized in terms of clinical and biomarker research, but Electroencephalography (EEG) as a biomarker is still under development. EEG facilitates understanding brain function and electrophysiological changes in ADAD. Dual‐task (DT) paradigms, particularly during gait and upper extremity function, are useful biomarkers to determine cognitive impairments, due to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. EEG and DT are non‐invasive, portable, and feasible in outpatient settings, making them highly accessible for clinical practice. Method The study sample includes two groups, asymptomatic carriers (n = 37) and non‐carriers (n = 42) of the PSEN1‐E280A variant. EEG data were recorded during a dual‐task paradigm involving two tasks. The first task was a motor task (single‐task) involving upper extremity flexion‐extension. The second was a motor‐cognitive task (dual‐task), which included subtraction by 7 (DTS7), by 1 (DTS1) or verbal fluency with animals (DTAN). EEG signals were collected using the OpenBCI system from frontal and central regions. Data were processed and spectral and neural dynamics features were extracted. Dual‐task cost (DTC) was calculated as the difference between metric values under dual‐task and single‐task conditions, computed across channels and frequency bands for each feature. The extracted metrics were statistically analyzed using Cohen's‐D effect size and Mann‐Whitney U‐tests to assess differences. Result The most notable effect sizes were observed in entropy for Beta1 and Beta3 bands in frontal regions for the DTS7 and DTS1 tasks, Beta2 relative power in C4 during DTAN, Theta modulation in the Theta and alpha‐1 bands in frontal regions during DTS7, and Alpha2 modulations in the same task. Conclusion The proposed experiment effectively extracted brain information that differentiates between carriers and non‐carriers of the PSEN1‐E280A variant. DTC values in the alpha band (frontal and central regions) and the beta band (central regions) exhibited larger effect sizes, suggesting that these areas are sensitive to preclinical cognitive and motor differences. The experimental paradigm and data‐processing pipeline ensured the acquisition of EEG data with meaningful neurological information. This combination of novel biomarkers enhances non‐invasive and portable tools for identifying ADAD carriers during preclinical stages.