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Outflows in active galactic nuclei (AGN) are considered a promising candidate for driving AGN feedback at large scales. However, without information on the density of these outflows, we cannot determine how much kinetic power they are imparting to the surrounding medium. Monitoring the response of the ionisation state of the absorbing outflows to changes in the ionising continuum provides the recombination timescale of the outflow, which is a function of the electron density. We have developed a new self-consistent time-dependent photoionisation model, TPHO, enabling the measurement of the plasma density through time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy. The algorithm solves the full-time-dependent energy and ionisation balance equations in a self-consistent fashion for all the ionic species. The model can therefore reproduce the time-dependent absorption spectrum of ionized outflows responding to changes in the ionizing radiation of the AGN. We find that when the ionised gas is in a non-equilibrium state its transmitted spectra are not accurately reproduced by standard photoionisation models. Our simulations with the current X-ray grating observations show that the spectral features identified as a multiple-components warm absorber, might be in fact features of a time-changing warm absorber and not distinctive components. The TPHO model facilitates accurate photoionisation modelling in the presence of a variable ionising source, thus providing constraints on the density and in turn the location of the AGN outflows. Ascertaining these two parameters will provide important insight into the role and impact of ionised outflows in AGN feedback.

We investigated 1234 fundamental mode RR Lyrae stars observed by the All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS) to identify the Blazhko (BL) effect. A sample of 1547 BL stars from the literature was collected to compare the modulation-period distribution with stars newly identified in our sample. A classical frequency spectra analysis was performed using Period04 software. Data points from each star from the ASAS database were analysed individually to avoid confusion with artificial peaks and aliases. Statistical methods were used in the investigation of the modulation-period distribution. Altogether we identified 87 BL stars (48 new detections), 7 candidate stars, and 22 stars showing long-term period variations. The distribution of modulation periods of newly identified BL stars corresponds well to the distribution of modulation periods of stars located in the Galactic field, Galactic bulge, Large Magellanic Cloud, and globular cluster M5 collected from the literature. As a very important by-product of this comparison, we found that pulsation periods of BL stars follow Gaussian distribution with the mean period of \\(0.54\\pm0.07\\) d, while the modulation periods show log-normal distribution with centre at \\(\\log(P_{\\rm m}~{\\rm [d]})=1.78\\pm0.30\\) dex. This means that 99.7 % of all known modulated stars have BL periods between 7.6 and 478 days. We discuss the identification of long modulation periods and show, that a significant percentage of stars showing long-term period variations could be classified as BL stars.

We present an investigation into the spectroscopic properties of non-equilibrium photoionization processes operating in a time-evolving mode. Through a quantitative comparison between equilibrium and time-evolving models, we find that the time-evolving model exhibits a broader distribution of charge states compared to the equilibrium model, accompanied by a slight shift in the peak ionization state depending on the source variability and gas density. The time-evolving code, tpho in SPEX, has been successfully employed to analyze the spectral properties of warm absorbers in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 3783. The incorporation of variability in the tpho model improves the fits of the time-integrated spectra, providing more accurate descriptions to the average charge states of several elements, in particular for Fe which is peaked around Fe XIX. The inferred densities and distances of the relevant X-ray absorber components are estimated to be approximately a few 1E11 per cubic meter and less than 1 pc, respectively. Furthermore, the updated fit suggests a potential scenario in which the observed absorbers are being expelled from the central AGN at the escape velocities. This implies that these absorbers might not play a significant role in the AGN feedback mechanism.

We present the first release of the Czech Variable star catalogue that currently contains 1228 stars whose variability was discovered by 60 Czech observers. The catalogue contains confirmed variable stars of various types, but also candidates. We give precise coordinates, cross identification with other catalogues, information about constellation, variability type, brightness, light elements, name of the discoverer and year of discovery. In eighty-eight percent of stars the variability type is estimated, for more than 60 % of the stars the light ephemerides are given.

A paper about variable stars with possible multiple occurrence in the VSX catalogue is presented. Our main criteria for identification of such duplicities were the angular distance among stars (below 1 arcmin) and close periods of objects. In our approach, we also considered double or half values of periods to reveal possible misclassification among stars with similar light curve shapes. The probability of false identification is expressed by the parameter R giving the relative difference between periods. We found 1487 pairs of stars in angular distance lower than 1 arcmin with period difference R lower than 0.1 %, which are high-probable candidates on duplicates. From this sample, 354 pairs have exactly the same periods (R = 0.0 %) and should be considered as definite duplicates. The main contribution of certain duplicates comes from the Catalina Sky Survey (73 pairs have two names with CSS acronym) and from the BEST projects (71 pairs). Distribution of identified duplicates on the sky is not homogeneous but contains surprising depression in Galactic plane.