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The decline in production has prompted researchers in various countries to continue to study factors supporting the success of Holothuria scabra culture. This research aims to evaluate the characteristic of nutrients, size of a sand fraction of the sediment from natural habitats, and the digestive tract, as a basis to determine the grain size of sand suitable for substrates of sea cucumbers culture semi-closed system. The result showed that the highest fraction in the digestive tract of sea cucumber with a wet weight of 5-20 g was clay, 50-70 g of sea cucumbers was fine sand, size of 100-120 g was medium and fine sand, size of 200-220 g was the clay fraction, and in natural habitat was fine sand and clay. Medium sand to clay as a dominant fraction to be found was 86.83±1.22-96.74±0.60%. Smaller sea cucumbers tended to absorb a high amount of coarse sand, while larger sea cucumbers tended to absorb a higher amount of fine sand fraction. Meanwhile, protein, fat, and crude fibre content in the natural habitat sediment was low, so that nutrient enrichment and/or artificial feeding on the substrate is important, to provide for the growth of sea cucumbers if its culture efforts use a semiclosed system.

Moina  macrocopa is a natural feed that can be cultured to producing ephippia as a bioproduct for fish and shrimp larvae feed. The number of males in the population affects the quality and quantity of ephippia produced.  This study was conducted with the purpose of examining the female age in M. macrocopa mating and examining the ratio male-female M. macrocopa in the mating on the quantity and quality of ephippia produced.  The treatment in this research was the ratio male-female sex of   1:30,   3:30,  5:30,  7: 30. 9:30., 12:30,  15: 30.   Male and female sexual offspring  M macrocopa were produced from cultured using a combination of induction factors such as density, feed concentration, kairomones and dissolved oxygen. male and female offspring produced were cultured with a density of 1000 ind/ L.  This mating culture was using a container with a volume of water of 2 ml per individual. The results of this study were indicated that mating M. macrocopa using 70-hour old sexual females resulted in the highest ephippia production.  Mating M. macrocopa with a sex ratio of  9:30  (male and female sexual)  ware resulted in ephippia containing two eggs of 100%, with ephippia hatching degree of 35.4- 38.3%.

The background colour of a tank can affect the intensity of light that is absorbed or reflected. The objective of this research is to evaluate the colour preference of the scalloped spiny lobsters. Colour preference observations were carried out every half hour for 24 h. The result showed the spiny lobster had a consistent preference for black background (> 35%) and aversion to yellow, white, blue, and green background (P <.05) in the day. In the dusk, the spiny lobster had a consistent preference for red background(> 25%) and aversion to black, yellow, white, blue, and green background (P > .05). In the night, the spiny lobster had a consistent preference to red background (> 30%) and aversion to white and yellow background (P <.05). The number of lobsters moving towards the red tank continues to increase in the night rather than the dusk. Nocturnal activity is still going on the dawn.

The quality and quantity of Moina ephippia is influenced by the male and female sexual ratios in the population. The availability of males in the population can increase the number of fertilized eggs and ephippia hatching rates. This study aims to examine the concentration of rice bran suspension in culture to produce the most male offspring, and the quality and quantity of ephippia produced. Moina was cultured for twelve days and from the fifth day the feed is given with different concentrations. The results of this study indicate that, Moina culture using bran suspension feed with a concentration of 0.36-0.48 ml/L starting on the fifth day resulted in the production of low calf offspring but produced the highest total production of male offspring of 818±35 ind/L. Increased production of male offspring increases the production of ephippia containing two eggs but does not increase the degree of hatching significantly.

Population density in the culture of Moina macrocopa affects the production of offspring per parent. Female parthenogenesis is able to produce a high population density. Information on the M. macrocopa culture densities for inoculant provision is not yet available. This study aims to examine the density of the culture of M. macrocopa against the production of offspring per parent and the percentage of female parthenogenesis offspring production. The treatments in this study were differentiated parent densities ranging from 20 ind/ L to 330 ind/L and each with three replications. During the culture, M. macrocopa was fed with a rice bran suspension. The results of this study indicated that M. macrocopa was cultured using rice bran suspension feed in the parent density of 66 ind/L, which produced offspring per parent (8.56 to 13.01) equal to the parent density of 20 ind/L, whereas all of the females were parthenogenesis females. M. macrocopa was cultured with a mother density of 330 ind/L, which produced the highest female sexual ephippia and male offspring in the first until the third birthing round.

Fish feed price increases, exacerbated by imported soybean meal (SBM), have prompted aquaculture practitioners to search for affordable local alternatives. Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), a Southeast Asian legume, offers a nutritional profile like SBM, but its application in fish feed remains underexplored. To fill the scientific gap, this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of unprocessed and processed winged bean seeds as a feed ingredient for Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801. The examinations focused on growth, nutrient digestibility, and feed utilisation; several analyses included winged bean meal (WBM), anti-nutritional factors, digestive enzyme activities, and liver and intestine histology. Approximately 150 gouramis (initial weight: 28.16±0.54 g) were maintained for 60 days in 160 L controlled environment tanks in IPB University and fed at satiation thrice daily. It was conducted using a completely randomised design with three treatments and five replications of each: FWB (30% unprocessed full-fat WBM), DWB (30% defatted WBM), and DWBE (30% defatted WBM supplemented with 0.5 g kg-1 Non-Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) enzyme). The DWBE group exhibited the highest nutrient digestibility (protein: 70.01±2.24%, lipid: 75.5±1.40%, and energy: 72.64±0.71%), specific growth rate (SGR) (1.99±0.01%), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.67±0.03) as results. Additionally, DWBE has significant protein (50.64±2.97%) and lipid (88.84±3.71%) retention, enzyme activities (amylase 1.268±0.521 IU mL-1, trypsin 2.146±0.162 IU mL-1, chymotrypsin 4.162±0.452 IU mL -1, and pepsin 0.042±0.004 IU mL-1), and the largest intestinal area (6952.98±729.63 mm2). The ANF reducing effectivity, increasing digestibility, feed efficiency (FE), and O. goramy's growth performance led to the conclusion that winged beans in DWBE form could be a viable alternative to SBM.