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Background European bison, Bison bonasus , is a strictly protected species of large mammal, with 25% of the world’s population living in Poland. The most numerous populations of European bison live in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, northeastern Poland, and in the Bieszczady Mountains, southeastern Poland. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Anaplasma spp. in B. bonasus from Poland. Methods Tissue samples were collected from 45 European bisons between 2021 and 2024 in the Białowieża and Bieszczady areas. Two genetic markers, 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and msp4 , were used for the detection, genotyping, and phylogenetic analysis of bacteria from the genus Anaplasma . Results The prevalence of Anaplasma spp. was 40% (18/45) in the examined samples. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in 10 samples, and eight samples were found to be positive for the presence of Anaplasma marginale DNA. Conclusions This study is the first report of A. marginale occurrence in Poland and the first report of A. marginale occurrence in B. bonasus in Europe. Infection by the pathogenic A. marginale in strictly protected species such as the European bison may have an impact on the health, ecology, and conservation of this endangered species. Graphical abstract

Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is regarded as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mostly in patients with liver cirrhosis. Present study aimed at evaluation of cellular expression of p53 protein, genetic TP53 changes in liver samples and anti-p53 in serum of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. The expression of p53 protein were analysed by immunocytochemistry in liver biopsies from adult patients with chronic, long-lasting hepatitis C. In order to detect TP53 mutations, PCR/SSCP and sequencing were performed. Antibodies against p53 in serum were determined using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA).In two out of 14 examined patients TP53 point mutations were detected in the liver samples. In the first patient, a substitution of C to T was demonstrated in position 1 of the codon 250, resulting in substitution of proline by serine. The other patient carried a substitution of C to G in position 13274 of the intron 6. The patient carrying mutation in the codon 250 demonstrated morphological traits of liver cirrhosis and had high number of p53-immunoreactive cell nuclei in tissue. None of the patients manifested elevated titres of serum anti-p53. In the liver, significant positive correlations were disclosed between expression of p53 on one hand and grading and staging on the other. A negative correlation was disclosed between cellular expression of p53 and duration time of infection. In conclusions, genetic changes in TP53 can be detected also in non-neoplastic lesions linked to chronic HCV infection.

Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is regarded as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mostly in patients with liver cirrhosis. Present study aimed at evaluation of cellular expression of p53 protein, genetic TP53 changes in liver samples and anti-p53 in serum of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. The expression of p53 protein were analysed by immunocytochemistry in liver biopsies from adult patients with chronic, long-lasting hepatitis C. In order to detect TP53 mutations, PCR/SSCP and sequencing were performed. Antibodies against p53 in serum were determined using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA).In two out of 14 examined patients TP53 point mutations were detected in the liver samples. In the first patient, a substitution of C to T was demonstrated in position 1 of the codon 250, resulting in substitution of proline by serine. The other patient carried a substitution of C to G in position 13274 of the intron 6. The patient carrying mutation in the codon 250 demonstrated morphological traits of liver cirrhosis and had high number of p53-immunoreactive cell nuclei in tissue. None of the patients manifested elevated titres of serum anti-p53. In the liver, significant positive correlations were disclosed between expression of p53 on one hand and grading and staging on the other. A negative correlation was disclosed between cellular expression of p53 and duration time of infection. In conclusions, genetic changes in TP53 can be detected also in non-neoplastic lesions linked to chronic HCV infection.