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The role played by Botswana in various southern African liberation struggles has previously been neglected in historical studies. The country’s politics of support and mobilisation early on in Namibia’s struggle for independence from South Africa proved crucial for the formative period of both nation states. Botswana’s difficult and contradictory position as neighbour of the South African apartheid state and colonial power in Namibia are carefully dealt with, as are the challenges faced by the fragile Namibian refugee networks and liberation movements, SWANU and SWAPO, operating in Botswana for decades. “The Inevitable Pipeline into Exile” deals with a crucial phase of nationalism and transnational politics during the period of southern African decolonisation at the height of South Africa’s diplomatic and military aggression throughout the region.

The creation of public memory, including official readings of history, involves various actors, including civil society. In a postcolonial situation, one that still prevails in Namibia, these actors draw on diverse memory contents and rely on grossly unequal means to promote them. This takes place against the background of a fragmented past, the consequence of a uniquely divided colonial experience, with settler colonialism in the south and centre, and indirect rule in the northern regions. On the one hand, this regional problem is highlighted by the official discourse on the liberation movement, which greatly privileges the military aspect. On the other hand, communal memory practices in the south and centre refer to the pivotal experience of the colonial war and genocide in 1904-8. Associated claims have gained momentum through the centennial of 2004, but in its aftermath, cleavages, particularly between various Herero groups, have also persisted. At the same time, the official vision of the past is validated by government insistence on unity, also in relation to Herero claims for German reparations for the genocide. This has created an impasse that once again underscores the processual, controversial and manifold nature of the process through which public memory is defined and negotiated.

A review essay covering a book by Tom Bentley, Empires of Remorse: Narrative, Postcolonialism and Apologies for Colonial Atrocity (2016).