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The example of anachronism exemplified by female romantic writers represents a structural form of intervention into the sphere of political commentary dominated by men. Hence the well noted, and promoted, instructive capacity of romanticism devolves as much on anachronism as a female creative gestures as it does on any particular substantive male ethos generically and stereotypically characterizing the literary period. Moreover, taking seriously the female romantic poet's role as pedagogue, this instructive potential of anachronism clearly speaks to contemporary speculations in post-historical theory, which has recently re-expressed ideological themes common to much male romantic poetry and therefore gives female romanticism a timely relevance.

Ethical readings of Albert Camus's The Plague have traditionally reflected the criticism, introduced by Jean-Paul Sartre and Roland Barthes, that Camus's text fails to invite serious moral consideration because, representing its subject allegorically, it fails to represent real material history, in which ethical thought serves to inform choice in time. While Sartre's and Barthes's evaluations are strong voices of ethical criticism in the corpus of textual interpretation of The Plague, they are expressions of a specific historical moment in that corpus; hence, they cannot be taken as the last word on the novel's moral significance. Contemporary trends in literary criticism, which specifically include the recent proliferation of theoretical speculation on ethics and literary study, have persuasively argued that an event is not necessarily atemporalized even if it is expressed allegorically; rather, allegorical representation and temporality may be coextensive. A demonstration of The Plague's representation of historical time thus challenges Sartrean and Barthesian prejudices and provides the foundation for an ethical reading that discloses a vital moral dialogue among competing ethical positions at the centre of Camus's text.

Using a comparative analytical approach to the phenomena of honor, guilt, and absolution in The Oresteia and The Godfather trilogies, this essay investigates both ideology's compelling force in determining social relations and the distinct rhetorical strategies used in two different cultures to support these relations.

The ethical criticism of literary narrative has been the target of serious detraction in the academy for at least the last three decades. Among the charges against ethical readings is that they can reduce a narrative's aesthetic dynamics into a monologic, dogmatic lesson that merely proselytizes an audience with an agenda. Narrative, however, is the literary genre most able to foreground the temporal contingencies of material existence, contingencies which forestall reductive, absolute ethical truth-claims. So while it is indeed possible to locate examples of reductive ethical criticism, it is also possible to theorize and practice ethical readings of literary narrative that avoid monologizing the moral component of their object. As ethical readings of Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain, Albert Camus' The Plague, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim, and Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Idiot show, one non-reductive, non-monologic way to investigate the moral component of literary narrative is to make a text's pedagogic structures the focus of literary analysis. Two of these structures are voice and dialogue. The tension among competing pedagogic voices provides readers of literary narratives with an aesthetic paradigm for the production of historically contingent ethical truth-claims. Dialogue--between the voices of textual characters, between the text and its readers, and between literary critics--constitutes the structure whereby materially determined human beings develop their moral consciousnesses in the absence of absolute values. Acknowledging the historical contingency of their own labor, ethical readings of literary narrative also afford a locus for considering the way historical pressures impact the process of interpretation.

Bill Reel wrote that \"Every Kid Should Have a Chance to Find God\" \\{Viewpoints, Aug. 25\\}. I agree, but we disagree on the locale. He would have organized prayers recited in public schools. I say that children can find God in the world around them, and can learn about God at home, in religious school or at a house of worship. It has been my experience that, while perhaps \"faith and science coexisted without confict\" in public schools in the '50s (as per Reel), that coexistence was on the surface. As a student in those days, I felt that the recitation of prayers or the singing of hymns created a tension that always pointed out the differences between people. The prayers recited and the hymns sung were always those of a faith other than mine. Even if I wasn't forced to recite \"The Lord's Prayer\" or sing Christmas carols, my silence pointed out a difference between my classmates and me. While this never made a difference to my friends, there were always others to point it out to me.

Plants have evolved a variety of mechanisms to adapt to N starvation. NITRATE TRANSPORTER2.4 [NRT2.4) is one of seven NRT2 family genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, and NRT2.4 expression is induced under N starvation. Green fluorescent protein and ß-glucuronidase reporter analyses revealed that NRT2.4 is a plasma membrane transporter expressed in the epidermis of lateral roots and in or close to the shoot phloem. The spatiotemporal expression pattern of NRT2A in roots is complementary with that of the major high-affinity nitrate transporter NTR2.1. Functional analysis in Xenopus laevis oocytes and in planta showed that NRT2.4 is a nitrate transporter functioning in the high-affinity range. In N-starved nrX2A mutants, nitrate uptake under low external supply and nitrate content in shoot phloem exudates was decreased. In the absence of NRT2.1 and NRT2.2, loss of function of NRT2.4 (triple mutants) has an impact on biomass production under low nitrate supply. Together, our results demonstrate that NRT2.4 is a nitrate transporter that has a role in both roots and shoots under N starvation.

It is time for true \"no fault\" divorce in New York, to avoid the bitter accusations required of the parties to make legal grounds. It is time to revisit and revise the completely unrealistic method of calculating child support payable by the non-custodial spouse - a method that is madness in the face of financial realities. Were our state legislators to do their job in making just laws, instead of keeping both eyes peeled on demographics and votes, there would be less hostility experienced by those who are ending the legal relationship known as marriage. W. Adam Mandelbaum Regarding \"Nassau's Sore Loss Falls on Taxpayers\" [News, Jan. 10]: Why are the taxpayers of Nassau County paying for the private use of public assets? Isn't that illegal? Can a letter carrier take his or her vehicle home at night? Do Nassau police officers take their patrol cars home at night? Does a Marine pilot fly his F-18 Hornet home at the end of the day? Does Newsday let its drivers take trucks home every night? Regarding Noel Acevedo's letter \"Vote No on Transit Pact\" [Letters, Jan. 10] calling for a \"no\" vote concerning the Transit Pact: It's a reality that due to better technology and enhancements in security - Metrocards, etc. - some jobs will be lost. This is a given in any field of employment. Those affected employees will have the opportunity to change fields and be given the opportunity to grow and enhance themselves within the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The future starts every day, whether it's automotive or education.

Important differences in the biology of focal and diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI) subtypes may result in unique pathophysiological responses to shared molecular mechanisms. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling has been tested as a potential therapeutic target in preclinical models of cerebral contusion and diffuse TBI, and in a phase II clinical trial, but no published studies have examined IL-1 signaling in an impact/acceleration closed head injury (CHI) model. We hypothesized that genetic deletion of IL-1 receptor-1 (IL-1R1 KO) would be beneficial in focal (contusion) and CHI in mice. Wild type and IL-1R1 KO mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI), or to CHI. CCI produced brain leukocyte infiltration, HMGB1 translocation and release, edema, cell death, and cognitive deficits. CHI induced peak rotational acceleration of 9.7 × 105 ± 8.1 × 104 rad/s2, delayed time to righting reflex, and robust Morris water maze deficits without deficits in tests of anxiety, locomotion, sensorimotor function, or depression. CHI produced no discernable acute plasmalemma damage or cell death, blood-brain barrier permeability to IgG, or brain edema and only a modest increase in brain leukocyte infiltration at 72 h. In both models, mature (17 kDa) interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) was induced by 24 h in CD31+ endothelial cells isolated from injured brain but was not induced in CD11b+ cells in either model. High mobility group box protein-1 was released from injured brain cells in CCI but not CHI. Surprisingly, cognitive outcome in mice with global deletion of IL-1R1 was improved in CHI, but worse after CCI without affecting lesion size, edema, or infiltration of CD11b+/CD45+ leukocytes in CCI. IL-1R1 may induce unique biological responses, beneficial or detrimental to cognitive outcome, after TBI depending on the pathoanatomical subtype. Brain endothelium is a hitherto unrecognized source of mature IL-1β in both models.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gathers all the substrates and enzymes necessary for the assembly of new virions from its host cell. For instance, HCMV is known to induce cellular metabolism of infected cells to favor virion assembly. Cellular lipid metabolism plays a pivotal role in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, as increased lipogenesis in HCMV-infected cells favors the envelopment of newly synthesized viral particles. As all cells are equipped with restriction factors (RFs) able to exert a protective effect against invading pathogens, we asked whether a similar defense mechanism would also be in place to preserve the metabolic compartment from HCMV infection. Here, we show that gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), an RF able to block HCMV DNA synthesis, can also counteract HCMV-mediated metabolic reprogramming in infected primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs), thereby limiting virion infectivity. Specifically, we find that IFI16 downregulates the transcriptional activation of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) through cooperation with the carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP), thereby reducing HCMV-induced transcription of lipogenic enzymes. The resulting decrease in glucose uptake and consumption leads to diminished lipid synthesis, which ultimately curbs the de novo formation of enveloped viral particles in infected HFFs. Consistently, untargeted lipidomic analysis shows enhanced cholesteryl ester levels in IFI16 KO versus wild-type (WT) HFFs. Overall, our data unveil a new role of IFI16 in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism upon HCMV replication and uncover new potential targets for the development of novel antiviral therapies. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gathers all the substrates and enzymes necessary for the assembly of new virions from its host cell. For instance, HCMV is known to induce cellular metabolism of infected cells to favor virion assembly. Cells are, however, equipped with a first-line defense represented by restriction factors (RFs), which after sensing viral DNA can trigger innate and adaptive responses, thereby blocking HCMV replication. One such RF is IFN-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), which we have shown to downregulate viral replication in human fibroblasts. Thus, we asked whether IFI16 would also play a role in preserving cellular metabolism upon HCMV infection. Our findings highlight an unprecedented role of IFI16 in opposing the metabolic changes elicited by HCMV, thus revealing new promising targets for antiviral therapy.