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The aim of this study is evaluating the impact of salicylic acid and Spirulina algae, vermicompost aqueous extracts, on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) traits. Field experiment was implemented at vegetable field of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during fall season 2021. The experiment was conducted using factorial arrangement within Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors and three replicates (3X3X3). Foliar spraying of salicylic acid represented the first factor (0, 150, 300 µmol.L-1), which symbolized (S0, S1, S2). The second factor was foliar application of distilled water, aqueous extracts of Spirulina (5g.L-1) and vermicompost (2:1 v/v) which symbolized (W, P, V) respectively. The results indicated the significance of interaction treatment S1P in producing the highest outer, inner leaves, head weight, folate content (24.67, 42.44, 916.7g, 142 µg.100 g-1 F.W.) respectively, in compare with control treatment S0W (15.33, 32.67, 550g, 96.3 µg.100 g-1 F.W.) respectively.

This research was implemented at vegetable field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during fall seasons, 2018 and 2019. The experiment was conducted using factorial within Randomized Complete Block Design arrangement with three factors and replicates (3X3X2). The aqueous barley sprouts extract (B0, B1) (0, 100 g.L-1) represented the first factor. Trehalose (T0, T1, T2) (0, 50, 75 mmole.L-1) represented the second factor. Calcium (C0, C1, C2) (0, 1, 2 ml.L-1) represented the third factor. The research objectives are assessing the impact of the mentioned factors and their interactions on carrot plant minerals and antioxidant accumulation. Results showed the effectiveness of three ways interaction treatment B1T2C1 in producing significant increases in phosphorus (0.302, 0.311%) total carotenoids (15.83, 15.93 mg.100-1g), β carotene (7.9, 7.967 mg.100-1g) and DPPH (97.94, 98.41%) in roots for both seasons respectively.in compare with control treatment B0T0C0.

The purpose of this research is assessing the significance of biological and physical seeds invigoration of different aged carrot seeds orders and study their field performance. An implementation of field experiment at station (A) College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during fall season 2021-2022. The experimental design arranged using split plot within RCBD. As carrot seeds order considered main plots (primary P, secondary S, tertiary T) and seeds invigoration treatments sub plots (untreated seeds C0, biological B, Physical G, B+G) with three replicates (3X4X3). The interaction treatment PBG (biological+physical treated primary seeds order) reveals significance in majority of research traits such as  field emergence percent, carrot total carotenoids, scavenging percent, total yield (97.67%,12.66mg.100g, 88%, 126.1 ton.ha-1) respectively in compare to untreated tertiary seeds order  (TC0).

This study was aimed to investigate the impact of tocopherol, trehalose and soil improvement in water productivity and industrial potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), Austin hybrid. The field experiments were carried out during the fall season 2020-2021 and spring season 2021. The experiments were carried out as a factorial experiment within a split plot design. The irrigation interval factor was set every 4, 8 and 12 days for the fall season 2020-2021 and every 4, 7 and 10 days for the spring season 2021 (symbolized by I0, I1 and I2) in the main plot, and the interaction factor between Eco Gel soil improvement and anti-stress spray in the Sub plot with three replications. a Eco Gel was added to the soil at the level of 50 kg ha-1 symbolized by E1 and added to the level of 100 kg ha-1 symbolized by E2 as well as the treatment without adding that Its symbol is E0, and spraying with anti-stress, spraying tocopherol at a concentration of 30 mg L-1, symbolized by T1, and spraying trehalose with a concentration of 30 mmol L-1 and symbolized by T2, in addition to spraying with ordinary water, symbolized by T0, the results showed a significant superiority for the treatment of the triple interaction I1E2T2 in the leaf area, the total chlorophyll concentration, the dry weight of the vegetative and the number of marketable tubers The marketable plant yield, the total marketable yield, the relative water content of leaf, the leaf water potential, and the water productivity for the two seasons respectively,compared to treatment I2E0T0.

This research was implemented at vegetable field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during fall seasons, 2018 and 2019. The experiment was conducted using factorial within Randomized Complete Block Design arrangement with three factors and replicates (3X3X2). The aqueous barley sprouts extract (B0, B1) (0, 100 g.L-1) represented the first factor. Trehalose (T0, T1, T2) (0, 50, 75 mmole.L-1) represented the second factor. Calcium (C0, C1, C2) (0, 1, 2 ml.L-1) represented the third factor. The research objectives are assessing the impact of the mentioned factors and their interaction on carrot vegetative, quality, and yield traits. Results showed the effectiveness of three ways interaction treatment B1T2C1 in producing significant increases in leaves number (14, 13, total sugars in roots (8.619, 8.15mg.100-1g) and carrot weight (161.6, 159g) for both seasons respectively.in compare with control treatment B0T0C0.

This study was aimed to investigate delayed germination and immature embryos of carrot seeds; This research was implemented at vegetable field of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during two sequent seasons (fall and spring). The experiment was conducted using factorial within Randomized Complete Block Design arrangement with three factors and replicates (3X3X2). The aqueous barley sprouts extract (B0, B1) (0, 100 g.L-1) represented the first factor. Trehalose (T0, T1, T2) (0, 50, 75 mmole.L-1) represented the second factor. Calcium (C0, C1, C2) (0, 1, 2 ml.L-1) represented the third factor. Results showed the effectiveness of third order interaction treatment B1T2C1 in increasing germination speed and percent for the seeds of royal umbel (92, 97%); secondary umbel (90.67, 94.67%); and tertiary umbel (75.68, 86.33%). The mentioned treatment increased embryo length for the seeds of primary (royal) umbel (1628.3 µm), secondary umbel (1620.3 µm); and tertiary umbel (874.7 µm ). in compare with  the lowest percents that found in B0T0C2 treatment.

This study was aimed to investigate the response of the growth and yield of industrial potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to the addition of soil improvement and spraying with tocopherol, The field experiments were carried out during the fall season 2020-2021 and the spring 2021 at one of the fields at the area located at 44.23° longitude and 33.32° latitude, The experiments carried out as a factorial experiment within a split plot design, where the irrigation interval factor was set every 4, 8 and 12 days for the fall season and every 4, 7 and 10 days for the spring season (symbolized by I0, I1 and I2) in the main plot, and the interaction factor between Eco Gel soil improver and anti-stress spray in the Sub plot with three replications, as Eco Gel was added to the soil at the level of 50 kg ha-1 symbolized by E1 and added to the level of 100 kg ha-1 symbolized by E2 as well as the treatment without adding that Its symbol is E0, and spraying with anti-stress, tocopherol with a concentration of 30 mg L-1 symbolized by T1 and trehalose with a concentration of 30 mmol L-1 symbolized by T2, as well as spraying with normal water symbolized by T0, the results showed a significant superiority for the treatment of the triple interaction I1E2T2 in percentage increase Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, plant length, total leaves and total tubers, yield per plant and total yield for the two seasons, respectively, compared to treatment I2 E0T0.

The field experiment was carried out over the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons with the aim of locally developing a single hybrid from grown okra cultivars, and known general and specific combining abilities in one of the private fields in the Mahmoudiya district of Baghdad. In this experiment, ten okra cultivars (denoted as O1 to O10) were introduced into a hybridization program using a 7-line × 3-tester arrangement. Subsequently, in the second season, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the hybrids, their parental lines, and commercial hybrids, totaling [10 Parents + 21 Hybrids + Commercial Hybrid]. The experimental design employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates across randomized sectors. Growth Traits were studied. Hybrid vigor and stander+ heterosis were calculated, and genetic analysis was carried out. The results indicated that certain parents, specifically O1, O3, O4, O7, and O10, exhibited a positive and significant general combining ability effect in the measured traits, particularly. Notably, the hybrids O4×O2 and O10×O3 displayed a distinct positive and significant specific combining ability effect on pod weight and overall plant yield. Additionally, the dominance variance (σ 2 D) exceeded the additive variance (σ 2 A) across in traits (no. of nodes, no. of. leaves, percentage of pods, plant yield). The average degree of dominance (ā) was most pronounced in traits related to the number of pod sets on the main stem and the percentage of nodes set, as well as plant yield. The heritability broad sense was particularly high for phalanx length (92.75%), and plant yield (84.11%), while it was moderate for the number of nodes on the main stem and the percentage of pods. The hybrid O4×O2 also recorded the highest pod weight at 5.31 g and exhibited exceptional hybrid vigor and heterosis in pod weight traits (59.96% and 53.17%, respectively), as well as in plant yield (54% and 22.73%).

The experiment was conducted in the spring of 2021 in an open field in the Al-Mahmudiya district/Baghdad to study the genetic and phenotypic distance of a number of genotypes in okra using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and three replications. As replication contained 18 genotypes of okra, distributed randomly on 18 experimental units, with ten cultivars giving the symbols (O1-O10) and eight hybrids giving the symbols (O11-O18), and at the third true leaf Samples were taken from (18 genotypes) extract DNA and the ISSR method was used to estimate the genetic distance, and the plants agricultural service operations continued and traits of vegetative, flowering and yield growth of genotypes were studied to study the phenotypic distance between them. The results of the genetic distance based on ISSR technology demonstrated that there is a genetic distance between the genotypes of okra under study, with the highest genetic distance between the two genotypes O6 and O15 reaching 0.735. The O6 cultivar displayed a high genetic distance with the most of the other genotypes, as the O10 cultivar which displayed a high genetic distance with most of the other genotypes, which advises plant breeders to use them to create development single hybrids. The hybrids O11, O12, O13, O14, O15, O16, and O17 also demonstrated a high genetic distance with the cultivars O6, O7, O8, O9, and O10, which plant breeders can use it in breeding program to development three-way hybrids. The ISSR results divided into two groups A and B in the genetic Cluster dendogram. the findings of the statistical analysis of the phenotypic variables also revealed that there were significant differences between the genotypes in the measured traits. As the O4 cultivar produced the greatest values for plant height and leaf number, flowers number, pods number (169 pods ) and pod set percentage, The O10 cultivar produced the highest pod weight (5.29 g) and yield per plant (691 g), and the results of the genetic distance based on phenotypic traits demonstrated that there is a phenotypic distance between the genotypes, with the two genotypes O10 and O15 exhibiting the highest genetic distance based on phenotypic traits (371.96 ).as The genotypes were divided into two groups within the cluster analysis depended on phenotypic traits.

This study was aimed to investigate genetic relation among 21 selective of watermelon seeds which collected from different commercial companies for different origins and produced at different years by using 12 primers for Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR). The results showed that the selective of Crimson sweet had genotypes highest genetic relation between ( K1 and K2) it was found less than the genetic similarity between ( K1and K4) , ( K2 and K4) .The four selective were divided two groups A and B. The results showed that the selective a Charleston gray had the highest genetic relation between (CH4 and CH6) while it found less than the genetic relation between (CH5 and CH9). The ten selectives were divided two cluster A and B,The groups A was divided three sub clusters .The results revealed that the highest genetic relation between the selective of the variety Sugar baby (S1and  S3). While found less genetic relation between the (S1 and S5) and divided the selectives of Sugar baby into two main cluster A and B, The cluster B was divided two sub cluster. The result found that the highest genetic relation among the 21 selective it was between ( CH4 and CH6), while found less than  of genetic similarity among ( CH8 and  S5) ( CH8 and S2),( S2 and K1) ,( S2 and K2) ,( S2  and CH9),( K1  and S5) ( S5 and CH9). The 21 selectives was divided two main clusters A and B the group A was divided to three sub clusters while the group B was divided two sub clusters. It could be concluded that the genetic relation it is very important in the hybridization programs to it prove a large genetic base to benefit of plant breeding programs.