Catalogue Search | MBRL
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
{{itemTitle}}
3,228
result(s) for
"Kaiser, R"
Sort by:
تخطيط استخدام الأرض الحضرية
يسعى هذا الكتاب إلى تقديم اطار شامل لفهم وتطبيق تخطيط استخدام الأرض الحضرية من تأليف Edward J. Kaiser وDavid R. Godschalk، يستعرض تطور التخطيط الحضري في الولايات المتحدة على مدى القرن العشرين وانعكاساته الحديثة في التصميم والسياسات والإدارة المجتمعية. يعرض الفصول الأولى الأسس النظرية لمفاهيم التخطيط والإدارة المحلية لاستخدام الأراضي ثم ينتقل إلى أهمية نظم المعلومات التخطيطية المتعلقة بالسكان والاقتصاد والبيئة والبنية التحتية والأراضي والخدمات المشتركة. يشرح الكتاب بالتفصيل كيفية صياغة الخطط المسبقة التي تحدد الاتجاهات المستقبلية مثل تصنيف الأراضي، وتصميم المناطق السكنية والتجارية وخطط المرافق، وصولاً إلى إدارة النمو وتقييم الآثار والتطبيق العملي. ويؤكد على دمج التنمية المستدامة من خلال مراعاة الاقتصاد والبيئة والعدالة الاجتماعية في تصميم السياسات وتوظيف تقنيات الدعم الرقمي والمشاركة المجتمعية في صنع الرؤية. والهدف هو توفير دليل عملي ونظري موجه للمهنيين وصناع القرار لتصميم وتنفيذ خطط حضرية فعالة مستدامة تراعي أولويات مختلف الجهات المعنية.
BOOK
Bystanders’ thresholds for intervention in Black vs. White women’s sexual harassment
Black women’s sexual harassment is often overlooked and dismissed relative to White women’s harassment. In three pre-registered experiments, we test whether this neglect extends to bystander intervention in sexual harassment. Participants observed an ostensibly live job interview between a man manager and a Black or White woman job candidate. The manager’s questions were pre-programmed to grow increasingly harassing, and participants were asked to intervene if/when they found the interview inappropriate. A meta-analysis of the three studies ( N = 1487), revealed that bystanders did not differ in their threshold for intervention when sexual harassment targeted the Black vs. White woman. Despite evidence for the relative neglect of Black women in responses to sexual harassment, these data suggest that bystanders may respond similarly for Black and White women.
Journal Article
Noninvasive ultrasound stimulation of the spleen to treat inflammatory arthritis
Targeted noninvasive control of the nervous system and end-organs may enable safer and more effective treatment of multiple diseases compared to invasive devices or systemic medications. One target is the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that consists of the vagus nerve to spleen circuit, which has been stimulated with implantable devices to improve autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Here we report that daily noninvasive ultrasound (US) stimulation targeting the spleen significantly reduces disease severity in a mouse model of inflammatory arthritis. Improvements are observed only with specific parameters, in which US can provide both protective and therapeutic effects. Single cell RNA sequencing of splenocytes and experiments in genetically-immunodeficient mice reveal the importance of both T and B cell populations in the anti-inflammatory pathway. These findings demonstrate the potential for US stimulation of the spleen to treat inflammatory diseases.
Modulation of the cholinergic pathway and spleen function can reduce inflammation with invasive implants. Here, the authors show that non-invasive ultrasound stimulation of the spleen reduces disease severity in a mouse model of inflammatory arthritis, partly via altering B and T cell function.
Journal Article
Collective atomic scattering and motional effects in a dense coherent medium
We investigate collective emission from coherently driven ultracold
88
Sr atoms. We perform two sets of experiments using a strong and weak transition that are insensitive and sensitive, respectively, to atomic motion at 1 μK. We observe highly directional forward emission with a peak intensity that is enhanced, for the strong transition, by
>
10
3
compared with that in the transverse direction. This is accompanied by substantial broadening of spectral lines. For the weak transition, the forward enhancement is substantially reduced due to motion. Meanwhile, a density-dependent frequency shift of the weak transition (∼10% of the natural linewidth) is observed. In contrast, this shift is suppressed to
<
1% of the natural linewidth for the strong transition. Along the transverse direction, we observe strong polarization dependences of the fluorescence intensity and line broadening for both transitions. The measurements are reproduced with a theoretical model treating the atoms as coherent, interacting radiating dipoles.
Light scattering from a dense coherent medium is determined by the interplay of dispersive and radiative dipole–dipole interactions. Here, the authors control the motional effects that obscure the coherence of scattered light and study collective emission in a driven gas of cold strontium-88 atoms.
Journal Article
Childhood stress, grown-up brain networks: corticolimbic correlates of threat-related early life stress and adult stress response
Exposure to threat-related early life stress (ELS) has been related to vulnerability for stress-related disorders in adulthood, putatively via disrupted corticolimbic circuits involved in stress response and regulation. However, previous research on ELS has not examined both the intrinsic strength and flexibility of corticolimbic circuits, which may be particularly important for adaptive stress responding, or associations between these dimensions of corticolimbic dysfunction and acute stress response in adulthood.
Seventy unmedicated women varying in history of threat-related ELS completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan to evaluate voxelwise static (overall) and dynamic (variability over a series of sliding windows) resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of bilateral amygdala. In a separate session and subset of participants (n = 42), measures of salivary cortisol and affect were collected during a social-evaluative stress challenge.
Higher severity of threat-related ELS was related to more strongly negative static RSFC between amygdala and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and elevated dynamic RSFC between amygdala and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). Static amygdala-DLPFC antagonism mediated the relationship between higher severity of threat-related ELS and blunted cortisol response to stress, but increased dynamic amygdala-rACC connectivity weakened this mediated effect and was related to more positive post-stress mood.
Threat-related ELS was associated with RSFC within lateral corticolimbic circuits, which in turn was related to blunted physiological response to acute stress. Notably, increased flexibility between the amygdala and rACC compensated for this static disruption, suggesting that more dynamic medial corticolimbic circuits might be key to restoring healthy stress response.
Journal Article
The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability
Ecological and societal disruptions by modern climate change are critically determined by the time frame over which climates shift beyond historical analogues. Here we present a new index of the year when the projected mean climate of a given location moves to a state continuously outside the bounds of historical variability under alternative greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Using 1860 to 2005 as the historical period, this index has a global mean of 2069 (±18 years s.d.) for near-surface air temperature under an emissions stabilization scenario and 2047 (±14 years s.d.) under a ‘business-as-usual’ scenario. Unprecedented climates will occur earliest in the tropics and among low-income countries, highlighting the vulnerability of global biodiversity and the limited governmental capacity to respond to the impacts of climate change. Our findings shed light on the urgency of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions if climates potentially harmful to biodiversity and society are to be prevented.
An ensemble of simulations indicates that ongoing climate change will exceed the bounds of historical climate variability some time in the mid to late twenty-first century and that the burden of rapid climate adaption will occur earliest in highly biodiverse and often economically challenged tropical areas.
Tropics first in line for climate change woes
Projections of warming are now a fixture of climate modelling exercises. Camilo Mora
et al
. have used an ensemble of these simulations to estimate when ongoing warming will exceed the bounds of historical climate variability. Depending on assumptions regarding future emissions in greenhouse gasses, this will occur sometime in the mid to late twenty-first century. This landmark event is likely to occur first in the tropics, where historical variability is low, and where biodiversity is highest. The new projections suggest that the often economically challenged areas in the tropics will face the highest burden of rapidly adapting to the biological effects of climate change. In an accompanying News & Views Forum, three climatologists discuss the significance of these results.
Journal Article
Clinical and radiological results of TLIF surgery with titanium-coated PEEK or uncoated PEEK cages: a prospective single-centre randomised study
Background
A comparison of fusion rates and clinical outcomes of instrumented transforaminal interbody fusion (TLIF) between polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and titanium-coated PEEK (Ti-PEEK) cages is not well documented.
Methods
A single-centre, prospective, randomised study included patients who underwent one-level TLIF between L3-S1 segments. Patients were randomised into one of two groups: TLIF surgery with the PEEK cage and TLIF surgery with the Ti-PEEK cage. Clinical results were measured. All patients were assessed by repeated X-rays and 3D CT scans. Cage integration was assessed using a modified Bridwell classification. The impact of obesity and smoking on fusion quality was also analysed. Patients in both groups were followed up for 2 years.
Results
Altogether 87 patients were included in the study: of these 87 patients, 81 (93.1%) completed the 2-year follow-up. A significant improvement in clinical outcome was found in the two measurements scales in both groups (RM:
p
= 0.257, VAS:
p
= 0.229). There was an increase in CobbS and CobbL angle in both groups (
p
= 0.172 for CobbS and
p
= 0.403for CobbL). Bony fusion was achieved in 37 of 40 (92.5%) patients in the TiPEEK group and 35 of 41 (85.4%) in the PEEK group (
p
= 0.157). Cage subsided in 2 of 40 patients (5%) in the TiPEEK group and 11 of 41 (26.8%) in the PEEK group (
p
= 0.007). Body mass index > 30 and smoking were not predictive factors of bony fusion achievement.
Conclusion
There is no significant advantage of TiPEEK cages over PEEK cages in clinical outcome and fusion rate 2 years after surgery.
Journal Article
Effects of OCT1 polymorphisms on the cellular uptake, plasma concentrations and efficacy of the 5-HT3 antagonists tropisetron and ondansetron
After uptake into liver cells, the antiemetic drugs tropisetron and ondansetron undergo metabolic inactivation by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). We investigated whether the hepatic organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1; SLC22A1) mediates cellular uptake and whether common
OCT1
loss-of-function polymorphisms affect pharmacokinetics and efficacy of both drugs. Both tropisetron and ondansetron inhibited ASP
+
uptake in OCT1-overexpressing HEK293 cells. Overexpression of wild-type, but not OCT1 loss-of-function variants, significantly increased tropisetron uptake. Correspondingly, patients with two loss-of-function
OCT1
alleles had higher tropisetron plasma concentrations (
n
=59,
P
<0.04) and higher clinical efficacy (
n
=91,
P
=0.009) compared with carriers of fully active OCT1. Overexpression of OCT1 did not increase ondansetron uptake. Nevertheless,
OCT1
genotypes correlated with pharmacokinetics (
n
=45,
P
<0.05) and clinical efficacy (
n
=222,
P
<0.02) of ondansetron, the effect size of OCT1 genotypes on pharmacokinetics and efficacy was greater for tropisetron than for ondansetron. In conclusion, in addition to the known effects of CYP2D6, OCT1 deficiency may increase efficacy of tropisetron and potentially of ondansetron by limiting their hepatic uptake.
Journal Article
Rapid Disuse Atrophy of Diaphragm Fibers in Mechanically Ventilated Humans
Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation after modest periods of diaphragmatic inactivity can be difficult. In this study, changes in the cross-sectional area and biochemical composition of biopsy specimens from brain-dead patients with inactive diaphragms at the time of organ donation were compared with similar measurements from patients undergoing thoracic surgery. The data were consistent with atrophy of the diaphragm after periods of inactivity on the order of a day.
Changes in biopsy specimens from brain-dead patients with inactive diaphragms at the time of organ donation were compared with similar measurements from patients undergoing thoracic surgery. The data were consistent with atrophy of the diaphragm after periods of inactivity on the order of a day.
Mechanical ventilation is a critical component of modern intensive care medicine, but the process of discontinuing mechanical ventilation can be difficult.
1
,
2
Laboratory studies have shown that the combination of diaphragmatic inactivity and mechanical ventilation for prolonged periods (more than 18 hours) is associated with atrophy of myofibers in the rat diaphragm.
3
–
5
We hypothesized that similar changes occur in the human diaphragm and that disuse atrophy of human diaphragm myofibers could be a major contributor to the weaning problems that occur in some of our patients.
We evaluated the diaphragms of brain-dead organ donors, who show respiratory-muscle inactivity and . . .
Journal Article
Risk and protective factors for thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a large, multi-ethnic cohort
Objectives:Few studies have examined thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), none have included Asian-Americans, and most have had small sample sizes. We analysed risk factors for thrombosis in a large, multi-ethnic SLE cohort.Methods:We studied 1930 SLE subjects, including Caucasians, African-Americans, Asian-Americans and Hispanics. Data were derived from questionnaires and medical records. Documented history of thrombosis was the primary outcome. Explanatory variables included age at SLE diagnosis, gender, ethnicity, disease duration, smoking, antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) status, nephritis and specific medications.Results:Smoking (OR 1.26, p = 0.011), longer disease duration (OR 1.26 per 5 years p = 0.027×10−7), nephritis (OR 1.35, p = 0.036), aPL positivity (OR 3.22, p<10−9) and immunomodulating medication use (OR 1.40, p = 0.011) were statistically significant risk factors for thrombosis. Younger age at SLE onset was protective (OR 0.52 for age ⩽20, p = 0.001). After adjusting for disease severity and incorporating propensity scores, hydroxychloroquine use remained significantly protective for thrombosis (OR 0.62, p = 4.91×10−4).Conclusions:This study confirms that older age at onset, longer disease duration, smoking, aPL positivity, history of nephritis and immunomodulating medication use are risk factors for thrombosis in SLE. These data are the first to confirm in a large and ethnically diverse SLE cohort that hydroxychloroquine use is protective for thrombosis.
Journal Article