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Objectives: This study was aimed to compare the body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in their ability to predict type 2 diabetes risk in a large prospective cohort of men and women in Pakistan. Methods: This was a case-control study conducted at Diabetic and medical OPD of GTTH. Anthropometric measures including BMI and WHR were analyzed. Student’s t-test, Chi-squared test along with Cramer’s V value, was applied to evaluate association between variables. Receiver operating curve (ROC) was used to assess anthropometric measures. Results: The study included 804 diabetics and 396 non-diabetics between 30–60 years of age. Comparing the BMI parameters it was found that 717 (89·2%) in diabetic group were overweight or obese (p-value < 0·001). On comparing the WHR, 97·9% diabetics had increased WHR (p-value <0·001). Both BMI & WHR were further compared using ROC curve which found out that WHR had an area under ROC of 0·720 & BMI has 0·680, suggesting that WHR is more better predictor of diabetes as compared to BMI. Conclusions: Both BMI and WHR were strong discriminators of T2DM but WHR was found superior according to ROC value. Family history is significantly associated in patients with diabetes. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.759 How to cite this:Qureshi SS, Amer W, Kaleem M, Beg BM. Adult anthropometry in Type 2 diabetic population: A case-control study. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):1284-1289. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.759 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This study was aimed to compare the body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in their ability to predict type 2 diabetes risk in a large prospective cohort of men and women in Pakistan. This was a case-control study conducted at Diabetic and medical OPD of GTTH. Anthropometric measures including BMI and WHR were analyzed. Student's t-test, Chi-squared test along with Cramer's V value, was applied to evaluate association between variables. Receiver operating curve (ROC) was used to assess anthropometric measures. The study included 804 diabetics and 396 non-diabetics between 30-60 years of age. Comparing the BMI parameters it was found that 717 (89.2%) in diabetic group were overweight or obese (p-value < 0.001). On comparing the WHR, 97.9% diabetics had increased WHR (p-value <0.001). Both BMI & WHR were further compared using ROC curve which found out that WHR had an area under ROC of 0.720 & BMI has 0.680, suggesting that WHR is more better predictor of diabetes as compared to BMI. Both BMI and WHR were strong discriminators of T2DM but WHR was found superior according to ROC value. Family history is significantly associated in patients with diabetes.

Drought stress considered a key restrictive factor for a warm-season bermudagrass growth during summers in China. Genotypic variation against drought stress exists among bermudagrass ( Cynodon sp .), but the selection of highly drought-tolerant germplasm is important for its growth in limited water regions and for future breeding. Our study aimed to investigate the most tolerant bermudagrass germplasm among thirteen, along latitude and longitudinal gradient under a well-watered and drought stress condition. Current study included high drought-resistant germplasm, “Tianshui” and “Linxiang”, and drought-sensitive cultivars; “Zhengzhou” and “Cixian” under drought treatments along longitude and latitudinal gradients, respectively. Under water deficit conditions, the tolerant genotypes showed over-expression of a dehydrin gene cdDHN4 , antioxidant genes Cu/ZnSOD and APX which leads to higher antioxidant activities to scavenge the excessive reactive oxygen species and minimizing the membrane damage. It helps in maintenance of cell membrane permeability and osmotic adjustment by producing organic osmolytes. Proline an osmolyte has the ability to keep osmotic water potential and water use efficiency high via stomatal conductance and maintain transpiration rate. It leads to optimum CO 2 assimilation rate, high chlorophyll contents for photosynthesis and elongation of leaf mesophyll, palisade and thick spongy cells. Consequently, it results in elongation of leaf length, stolon and internode length; plant height and deep rooting system. The CdDHN4 gene highly expressed in “Tianshui” and “Youxian”, Cu/ZnSOD gene in “Tianshui” and “Linxiang” and APX gene in “Shanxian” and “Linxiang”. The genotypes “Zhongshan” and “Xiaochang” showed no gene expression under water deficit conditions. Our results indicate that turfgrass show morphological modifications firstly when subjected to drought stress; however the gene expression is directly associated and crucial for drought tolerance in bermudagrass. Hence, current research has provided excellent germplasm of drought tolerant bermudagrass for physiological and molecular study and future breeding.

Currently, the endangerment of common bermudagrass gains an attention on the protection and ecological utilization of its resources. Bermudagrass grows as lawn and wild grass normally faces limited light and water deficit conditions. Thus, the main goal of the current study was determination of combined effects of drought and shade on Cynodon dactylon growth, meanwhile providing a theoretical framework for the management and development of tolerant accessions. In current study, stolons of 13 Cynodon dactylon genotypes were established under two treatments (control and combined drought + shade) and three replicates of each treatment on 9th of May 2024, for 30 days in the greenhouse of Yangzhou University Jiangsu China. After 30 days, plants were exposed to combined stressor as 50% shade created with a black net and 50% drought stress. After one month of treatment, the morphological, physiological and biochemical indices were measured under combined stress. The combined drought + shade interaction revealed the most-tolerant genotypes “G5” along longitude and “G10” along latitude gradients, while most-susceptible as “G2” and “G11” along longitude and latitudinal gradients, respectively. It was noticed that the genotypes of high latitudes showed strong stress tolerance due to the unfavorable environmental conditions. Such as low precipitation, insufficient water, sunlight and low temperature, while the longitude gradients with suitable annual rainfall, precipitation and temperature does not affect plant growth more significantly under combined stress conditions. The higher the latitude, the smaller the effect of stress will be. The regional difference of longitude gradient is not clear because several indicators showed null or less response against stress. Overall, the result suggests that under 50% shading and 50% water deficit treatment most-tolerant Cynodon dactylon genotypes showed better growth.

Responses of turfgrass to shade vary in individual species, and the degree and quality of low light; therefore, the selection of low light tolerant cultivars of turfgrass is important and beneficial for turf management rather than other practices. The stolons of thirteen bermudagrass genotypes were planted with two treatments and three replications of each treatment to establish for one month in the Yangzhou University Jiangsu China greenhouse. The established plants were transferred outside of the greenhouse, and 50% shading was applied to them with a black net. After 30 days of stress treatment, the morpho-physiological and biochemical analyses were performed. The expression of genes such as HEMA, HY5, PIF4 , and Cu/ZnSOD was assessed.  Cynodon dactylon is a C 4, and perennial that grows as lawn grass and is used as forage. Based on different indicator measurements, the most shade-tolerant germplasm was L01 and L06 along the longitudes and L09 and L10 along the latitudes. At the same time, L02 and L08 were more susceptible, respectively. However, germplasm showed greater tolerance in higher latitudes while longitudinal plants showed less stress response. The current study aimed (1) to screen out the most shade-tolerant Cynodon dactylon genotype among 13 along longitudinal and latitudinal gradients in China. (2) to examine morpho-physiological indicators of different bermudagrassgenotypes; (3) to evaluate if and how differences in various indicators of bermudagrass correlated with geographic region. This study will significantly advance the use of Cynodon germplasm in breeding, genomics, management, nomenclature, and phylogeographical study. It will decisively define whether natural selection and migration can drive evolutionary responses for populations to adapt to their new environments effectively.

Key Clinical Message Early screening and management of postpartum posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) can reduce hospital stay and complications. Obstetricians, gynecologists, ophthalmologists, and even general physicians should be aware of PRES since its presentation is variable. Very Visible White Matter hyperintensities present in parts pf the occipital parietal and temporal lobe

Objective: To determine the frequency and outcomes of Temporary Epicardial Pacing (TEP) after congenital cardiac surgery in pediatric patients. Study Design:  Analytical Cross Sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology/ National Institute of Heart Diseases, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan to Jun 2024. Methodology: Total one hundred and ten patients having the age of <12 years who underwent cardiac surgery for congenital heart diseases were recruited. Frequency of patients requiring TEP was calculated and the pacing duration was noted for intervals of less than 12 hours, 12-24 hours, 25-48 hours, 49-72 hours and >3-15 days respectively. Patients were monitored post operatively to assess outcomes, including mortality and infection rate. Results: Overall, 110 patients (27.7%) required TEP, including 62(56.4%) males and 48(43.6%) females. Out of total, 31(28.2%) patients required pacing for <12 hours, 51(46.4%) for 12-24 hours, 20(18.2%) for 25-48 hours, 6(5.5%) for 49-72 hours and 2(1.8%) patients were shifted to permanent pacing later on. Statistically significant difference was observed between pacing in terms of duration (p=0.02) with mortality. Statistically significant association was found between mortality and post procedural infections (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that TEP was a common intervention following congenital cardiac surgery in pediatric patients with VSD and ASD, whereas majority required short-term pacing. Though most of the patients recovered without major complications, a small percentage may require permanent pacemakers due to prolonged pacing needs.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in communication, social interaction difficulties, and repetitive behaviors that can hinder a child’s development. The growing prevalence of autism necessitates early detection and effective intervention strategies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of early indicators of ASD, including brain development markers and behavioral signs visible in infants. It investigates diagnostic processes, emphasizing the importance of timely detection at 18 to 24 months using established screening tools. We discuss a variety of therapeutic approaches, including behavioral interventions, educational strategies such as music therapy, and technological advancements such as speech-generating devices. Furthermore, we investigate pharmacological options for treating associated symptoms, emphasizing the lack of targeted medications for core ASD symptoms. Finally, we present evidence highlighting the positive effects of early intervention on developmental outcomes, advocating for individualized treatment plans to enhance the well-being of children with ASD. This comprehensive overview aims to inform ongoing ASD research and clinical practices.

The degradation of Reactive Yellow 18 (RY-18), induced by gamma radiation in aqueous medium, was carried out as a function of gamma radiation dose (5–20 kGy) and concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the initial dye concentration and pH of the solution were optimized for the maximum degradation efficiency. Gamma radiations alone and in combination with H2O2 were used to degrade the RY-18. A degradation rate of 99% was achieved using an absorbed dose of 20 kGy, 0.6 mL H2O2 in acidic pH. Variations in the functional groups of untreated and treated RY-18 were determined by FTIR analysis. The LCMS technique was used to determine the intermediates formed during the degradation process. The cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of RY-18 were studied by hemolytic and Ames tests, respectively. There were significant reductions in cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in response to gamma radiation treatment. Cytotoxicity was reduced from 15.1% to 7.6% after treatment with a 20 kGy absorbed dose of gamma radiations with 0.6 mL H2O2. Mutagenicity was reduced by 81.3% and 82.3% against the bacterial strains TA98 and TA100 after treatment with a 20 kGy absorbed dose with 0.6 mL H2O2. The advanced oxidation process efficiency was evaluated using the byproduct formations, which were low-molecular-weight organic acid units, which through further oxidation were converted into carbon dioxide and water end products. Based on RY-18 degradation, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity reduction, the gamma radiation in combination with H2O2 has potential for the removal of dye from the effluents.