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In order for empirically validated school-based prevention programs to \"go to scale,\" it is important to understand the processes underlying program dissemination. Data collected in effectiveness trials, especially those measuring the quality of program implementation and administrative support, are valuable in explicating important factors influencing implementation. This study describes findings regarding quality of implementation in a recent effectiveness trial conducted in a high-risk, American urban community. This delinquency prevention trial is a locally owned intervention, which used the Promoting Alternative THinking Skills Curriculum as its major program component. The intervention involved 350 first graders in 6 inner-city public schools. Three schools implemented the intervention and the other 3 were comparison schools from the same school district. Although intervention effects were not found for all the intervention schools, the intervention was effective in improving children's emotional competence and reducing their aggression in schools which effectively supported the intervention. This study, utilizing data from the 3 intervention schools (13 classrooms and 164 students), suggested that 2 factors contributed to the success of the intervention: (a) adequate support from school principals and (b) high degree of classroom implementation by teachers. These findings are discussed in light of the theory-driven models in program evaluation that emphasized the importance of the multiple factors influencing the implementation of school-based interventions.

In this study, the authors examined the long-term effectiveness of the PATHS (Promoting Alternative THinking Strategies) curriculum on the adjustment of school-age children with special needs. The PATHS curriculum focuses on promoting children's emotional development, self-regulation, and social problem—solving skills. Eighteen special education classrooms were randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions in this controlled trial. Teachers received both training and ongoing consultation and provided PATHS to students in Grades 1 through 3. Data were collected before the intervention and for 3 successive years. Growth curve analysis indicated that the intervention reduced the rate of growth of teacher-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors 2 years after the intervention and produced a sustained reduction in depressive symptoms reported by the children. Discussion focuses on the need for social—emotional learning (SEL) programs in special education and factors that can promote SEL among children with special needs.

Research on deliberate and mindful parenting constructs, including metaparenting, has become increasingly popular. However, this topic has not been widely examined in China and Hong Kong. To provide a psychometrically-sound instrument for such research endeavor in the region, this study adopted the Metaparenting Profile Questionnaire Short-form (MPPQ-S) by Holden (2008) and examined the psychometric properties of its Chinese version including its factor structure, internal reliability and concurrent validity. Participants were 293 Chinese mothers in Hong Kong with a focal child in elementary school. They were invited to complete a set of questionnaires measuring their metaparenting thoughts, parental sense of competence and satisfaction, and parenting practices. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the proposed five-factor structure of the Chinese MPPQ-S had an acceptable fit. The questionnaire also demonstrated adequate internal reliability, and was associated with parental competence and satisfaction as well as self-reported parenting practices which supported its concurrent validity. The overall results suggest that the Chinese MPPQ-S is a satisfactory measure of metaparenting thoughts in the Chinese context.

This longitudinal study examined processes that mediate the association between maternal depressive symptoms and peer social preference during the early school years. Three hundred and fifty six kindergarten children (182 boys) and their mothers participated in the study. During kindergarten, mothers reported their level of depressive symptomatology. In first grade, teachers rated children's emotion regulation at school and observers rated the affective quality of mother-child interactions. During second grade, children's social preference was assessed by peer nomination. Results indicated that mothers' level of depressive symptomatology negatively predicted their child's social preference 2 years later, controlling for the family SES and teacher-rated social preference during kindergarten. Among European American families, the association between maternal depressive symptoms and social preference was partially mediated by maternal warmth and the child's emotion regulation. Although the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and children peer preference was stronger among African American families than Europrean American families, its mediation by the maternal warmth and child's emotion regulation was not found in African American families.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

In order for empirically validated school-based prevention programs to \"go to scale,\" it is important to understand the processes underlying program dissemination. Data collected in effectiveness trials, especially those measuring the quality of program implementation and administrative support, are valuable in explicating important factors influencing implementation. This study describes findings regarding quality of implementation in a recent effectiveness trial conducted in a high-risk, American urban community. This delinquency prevention trial is a locally owned intervention, which used the Promoting Alternative THinking Skills Curriculum as its major program component. The intervention involved 350 first graders in 6 inner-city public schools. Three schools implemented the intervention and the other 3 were comparison schools from the same school district. Although intervention effects were not found for all the intervention schools, the intervention was effective in improving children's emotional competence and reducing their aggression in schools which effectively supported the intervention. This study, utilizing data from the 3 intervention schools (13 classrooms and 164 students), suggested that 2 factors contributed to the success of the intervention: (a) adequate support from school principals and (b) high degree of classroom implementation by teachers. These findings are discussed in light of the theory-driven models in program evaluation that emphasized the importance of the multiple factors influencing the implementation of school-based interventions.

This study examined the mediating role of maternal warmth and children's emotion regulation in such a process. A central goal of the study is to test the hypothesis that (1) maternal warmth mediates the effect of maternal depression on children's socio-emotional functioning, and (2) that children's emotion regulation mediates both maternal depression and maternal warmth on the outcome of children's peer acceptance. In addition, the study also investigates the timing of the effects of maternal depression on child outcomes during early elementary school years. The sample used in this study was drawn from the Fast Track Study and included a stratified ample of 358 children and their mothers. The children had the following characteristics (53.07% White, 43.02% African American; 51.4% males; 66.75% living family with low SES). About 72% of the mothers in the sample had less than 12 years of education and 58% of them were married when the measures were taken. Utilizing structural equation modeling, the results of the study indicates that (1) Maternal warmth partially mediated the effect of maternal depression on children's skills in emotion regulation. At the same time, the effect of maternal warmth and maternal depression on children's sociometric nomination was completely mediated by the effect of children's emotion regulation. Maternal depression and maternal warmth together explained about 15% of the variance in children's emotion regulation. These results support the sequential mediational hypothesis and suggest that both maternal warmth and children's emotion regulation are important mediators in the transmission of the effect of maternal depression on children peer relationships. (2) The effect of maternal depression was the largest in grade 2, which might be interpreted as indicating that during grade 1 or at the transition into grade 2 children were more vulnerable to the influence of maternal depression. This effect could be related to the stress mothers and children have had trying to adjust to the grade 1 environment. The relationship between maternal warmth and child outcomes decreased across time and by grade 3, it was no longer related to the two child measures.

Selective functionalization of ubiquitous C-H bonds in organic molecules provides a straightforward and efficient approach to construct complex molecules with fewer synthetic steps and high atom economy, thus promoting more sustainable and economical chemical synthesis. A formidable challenge in the field is to increase the turnover numbers (TONs) for catalytic C-H functionalization reactions reported in the literature (generally <10,000) to reasonably high levels to reduce the cost of the reaction. Another challenge is the selective functionalization of less reactive primary C(sp 3 )-H bonds compared to other types of more reactive C-H bonds. We now demonstrate an efficient iridium porphyrin-catalysed asymmetric carbene insertion into primary N-adjacent C(sp 3 )-H bond of N-methyl indoline and N-methyl aniline derivatives. Using chiral iridium porphyrin as a catalyst, chiral β-amino acid derivatives have been obtained with very high yields and excellent ee values (up to 99%), and TONs as high as 84,000 to 1,380,000. The reaction can be readily performed on a 100 g scale while retaining its high efficiency and selectivity. We also show that this iridium catalysis can efficiently access oligomers and polymers of β-amino acid derivatives via stepwise C-H insertion, demonstrating its potential applications in materials science via C-H bond functionalization reactions. A challenge in the selective functionalization of ubiquitous C-H bonds is to increase the turnover numbers (TONs) for catalytic C-H functionalization reactions, and the selective functionalization of less reactive primary C-H bonds. Here, the authors report iridium porphyrin-catalysed asymmetric carbene insertions into primary N-adjacent C–H bonds, with up to 99% ee and product TON > 1000000.

Copper-based organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are low-cost alternatives to precious metal-based OLEDs, but currently no such OLEDs can meet the practical requirements for high colour purity, device efficiency, and operational stability. Carbene-Cu(I)-amide emitters reported here exhibited thermally activated delayed fluorescent emission with quantum efficiencies up to 0.90 and radiative decay rates of 2.7 × 10 6  s −1 . These enable blue to near-infrared Cu(I)-OLEDs with high brightness (265,000 cd m −2 ) and extended LT 95 lifetime (3582 hours at 1000 cd m −2 ). Deuteriation and π-extension of carbazole significantly enhance OLED stability. Cu(I)-sensitized fluorescence OLEDs showed efficient narrowband electroluminescence (λ max 612–614 nm; full-width half maximum of 33–38 nm; maximum external quantum efficiencies reach 21.9%) and prolonged LT 95 lifetime (up to 3689 h at 1000 cd m −2 ). This work highlights earth-abundant metal-based sensitized-OLEDs that exhibit high colour purity and long device lifetime comparable to the best non-iridium metal-based OLEDs. Copper-based organic light-emitting diodes are low-cost alternatives to precious metal-based counterparts. Here, the authors develop copper(I) thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters with colors spanning from blue to near infrared, and achieve device lifetime close to 3700 h at 1000 cd/m 2 .

Clinical evidence suggests that the severe respiratory illness coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is often associated with a cytokine storm that results in dysregulated immune responses. Prolonged COVID-19 positivity is thought to disproportionately affect cancer patients. With COVID-19 disrupting the delivery of cancer care, it is crucial to gain momentum and awareness of the mechanistic intersection between these two diseases. This review discusses the role of the cytokine midkine (MK) as an immunomodulator in patients with COVID-19 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), both of which affect the nasal cavity. We conducted a review and analysis of immunocellular similarities and differences based on clinical studies, research articles, and published transcriptomic datasets. We specifically focused on ligand–receptor pairs that could be used to infer intercellular communication, as well as the current medications used for each disease, including NPC patients who have contracted COVID-19. Based on our findings, we recommend close monitoring of the MK axis to maintain the desirable effects of therapeutic regimens in fighting both NPC and COVID-19 infections.

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer treatment has shown promise but can also have unintended consequences, such as reactivating latent tuberculosis (TB). To develop treatments that address ICIs-related adverse events, it is essential to understand cellular heterogeneity across healthy and pathological tissues. We performed cross-tissue multiplexed staining analysis on samples from two patients with TB reactivation during pembrolizumab treatment for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. CD8+ T cells, rather than CD4+ T cells, accumulated preferentially in the tuberculoma and were associated with increased production of IFNγ and expression of CD137. Additionally, CD137 enrichment played a role in the spatial organization of the tuberculoma, with specific interaction limited to spatial proximal cells between IFNγ+ CD137+ CD8+ T cells and IL12+ CD137+ type-1 macrophages. This unique feature was not observed in non-tumoral or tumoral tissues. Our analysis of public transcriptomic datasets supported the notion that this cellular interaction was more prominent in patients with durable ICI responses compared to those with non-ICI-related TB. We suggest that shifts towards CD137-rich immune niches are correlated with both off-target immune-related adverse events and anti-tumor efficacy. Targeting the tumor microenvironment through conditional activation of anti-CD137 signaling in combination with ICIs can modulate the reactivity of T cells and macrophages for localized tumor killing without the potential off-target immune-related risks associated with ICIs alone.