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"Kam, Christopher"
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Cabinet Reshuffles and Ministerial Drift
A model of policy implementation in a parliamentary democracy as delegation between the prime minister and her cabinet ministers is introduced. Cabinet reshuffles can be pursued as a strategy to reduce the agency loss which occurs due to the different preferences of the actors. This work thus explains why prime ministers resort to reshuffles: cabinet reshuffles reduce the moral hazard facing ministers. This answer both augments and distinguishes this work from traditional perspectives on reshuffles that have emphasized the deleterious effects of reshuffles on ministerial capacity, and also from recent work that casts reshuffles as solutions to the adverse-selection problems inherent in cabinet government. The conclusion offers a preliminary test of some of the hypotheses generated by this theory.
Journal Article
Enhancing Enneagram Therapy with Contemporary Research on the Conscious and Unconscious Mind
The Enneagram is a personality framework with ancient philosophical underpinnings and cross cultural roots. It outlines nine different pathways of growth for nine different personalities. In recent years, it has started to gain traction in the peer reviewed level of research. Since the Enneagram has a conceptual versatility in addressing various levels and dimensions of the human psyche, it can both contribute and benefit from cross pollinating its insights with the latest scientific research on how the human mind works. One area of research that has the potential for this type of symbiotic partnership with the Enneagram is the study of the interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind. There is rich potential for the multi-leveled integration of contemporary findings on how the conscious and unconscious mind mutually interact with one another along with insights into personality structures from the Enneagram. These integrative insights have clinical implications and create possible directions for future research.
Journal Article
Ministerial Selection and Intraparty Organization in the Contemporary British Parliament
This article promotes a characterization of intraparty politics that explains how rank- and-file party members control the delegation of power to their cabinet ministers and shadow cabinet ministers. Using the uncovered set as a solution concept and a measure of party members' collective preferences, we explore the hypothesis that backbenchers' preferences constrain the ministerial selection process in a manner that mitigates agency problems. Specifically, promotion is distributed preferentially to members whose own policy preferences are proximate to the uncovered set of all party members' preferences. Our analysis of ministerial appointments in the contemporary British Parliament supports this view. For both the Labour and Conservative parties, front bench appointments are more sensitive to the collective preferences of backbenchers in each party as measured by the party uncovered set than to the preferences of the parties' leaders.
Journal Article
Integrating Divine Attachment Theory and the Enneagram to Help Clients of Abuse Heal in Their Images of Self, Others, and God
For victims of childhood abuse, healing their unconscious images of themselves, others, and God is of utmost importance in therapeutic work. Addressing the healing from both a scientific and a spiritual-contemplative approach is ideal in the context of spiritually integrated psychotherapy. Combining the frameworks of divine attachment theory and the Enneagram can help abused clients on their journey towards holistic healing in a way that addresses both the scientific and soulful dimensions of their deep unconscious wounds. This integration has the potential to heal multiple aspects of wounding, including unconscious images of clients, their offenders, and God. It also has the potential to dignify clients by showing how their unique God-given personality has a finite correspondence to God’s very own infinite personality and by outlining potential points of existential connection between aspects of their personality traits and the personality traits of the eternal God. Finally, clients can also grow in empathy and compassion for their abusers, which will help in the process of forgiveness.
Journal Article
Demotion and Dissent in the Canadian Liberal Party
Those who have not witnessed the making of a government have reason to be happier than those who have. It is a thoroughly unpleasant and discreditable business in which merit is disregarded, loyal service is without value, influence is the most important factor and geography and religion are important supplementary considerations. The Borden Ministry was composed under standard conditions, and was not, therefore, nearly as able, honest, or as industrious an administrative aggregation as could have been had from the material available … There were some broken hearts – in one instance, literally. In others, philosophy came to the rescue, but the pills were large and the swallowing was bitter. Paul Bilkey Prime ministers can typically rely on ideological agreement and norms of loyalty to deliver them a modicum of party cohesion. Beyond that, they have at their disposal a variety of institutional tools with which to enforce discipline. The powers to invoke the confidence convention and to dissolve parliament are the most well known and powerful of these tools, but these heavy-handed measures are ill-suited for securing unity on an on-going basis. The prime minister's monopoly over the distribution of preferment is a far more reliable means of ensuring members' loyalty. The rules of the game are simple: if the member of parliament (MP) wishes to climb the parliamentary career ladder, he or she must toe the party line. The prime minister's power over MPs' parliamentary careers is not without limit, of course. Some MPs must be brought into cabinet because they are too powerful and dangerous to leave on the backbench where they can openly challenge the prime minister.
Journal Article
Combining the enneagram and narrative therapy for adult ego development
The Enneagram and Narrative Therapy are two frameworks that have potential for unique integration to combine therapeutic effects for issues related to Adult Ego Development. The Enneagram offers a centuries-tested personality framework that has accumulated ancient wisdom from multiple spiritual traditions. Narrative Therapy offers postmodern insights into helping clients overcome their self-limiting narratives through creative interventions involving the medium of story. The nature of these two frameworks as well as their commonalities, complementary differences, and synergistic potential can help clients with Adult Ego Development issues. These issues will be explored along with an example of their integration.
Journal Article
Untangling Spiritual Contradictions Through the Psychology of Lived Paradox: Integrating Theological Diversity in the Old Testament with Durand's Framework on the Imaginary
There are many theological themes that appear in the Old Testament in Israel's relationship with Yahweh. These themes contain multiple emphases throughout different times in Israel's history that can richly inform how the contemporary believer is to relate with God. At times though, these varied themes can seem to cross in opposition with one another. Having a framework of theological diversity is helpful in untangling potential theological contradictions that can otherwise threaten to strangle the well-being of the believer trying to live faithfully in light of the whole canon of Scripture. Insights from the French anthropologist Gilbert Durand on the psyche's unconscious structures of the imaginary seem to be of help in this endeavor. They can aid the contemporary believer's journey in discerning when to take the initiative in acting on behalf of God, when to be expectantly passive while waiting for God to fulfill his promises, and when to engage in a joint decision-making process with him. They can also aid the believer toward both psychological and spiritual maturity as well as provide help in navigating different seasons in one's spiritual journey.
Journal Article
The Electoral System, the Party System and Accountability in Parliamentary Government
Electoral accountability requires that voters have the ability to constrain the incumbent government’s policy-making power. We express the necessary conditions for this claim as an accountability identity in which the electoral system and the party system interact to shape the accountability of parliamentary governments. Data from 400 parliamentary elections between 1948 and 2012 show that electoral accountability is contingent on the party system’s bipolarity, for example, with parties arrayed in two distinct blocs. Proportional electoral systems achieve accountability as well as majoritarian ones when bipolarity is strong but not when it is weak. This is because bipolarity decreases the number of connected coalitions that incumbent parties can join to preserve their policy-making power. Our results underscore the limitations that party systems place on electoral reform and the benefits that bipolarity offers for clarifying voters’ choices and intensifying electoral competition.
Journal Article
Overcoming Self-Deception: Integrating Christian Theology with Jungian Psychoanalysis
Self-deception can be insightfully studied from both a biblical and Jungian psychoanalytic lens. This article shows how both perspectives can significantly complement each other on this issue. It will be argued that insights from psychoanalysis in the past century, particularly from a Jungian perspective, have the potential to be integrated with Christian theology to help individuals effectively overcome issues where they deceive themselves repeatedly. The therapeutic effectiveness of integrating these two perspectives in self-deception will be illustrated in a realistic but fictional case study. Also, examples of biblical characters helping others overcome self-deception will be explored with some Jungian psychoanalytical commentary. In addition, contemporary neuroscience findings will be shown to confirm the wisdom of both the intervention strategies that biblical characters employed as well as modern day Jungian-based interventions that target self-deception. The article will finish by illustrating how an integrative intervention can be utilized to overcome self-deception with the same fictional case study.
Journal Article