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Lithium metal batteries offer a promising solution for high density energy storage due to their high theoretical capacity and negative electrochemical potential. However, implementing of these batteries faces challenges related to electrolyte instability and the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the lithium (Li) metal anode. The decomposition of liquid electrolytes leading to the creation of the SEI emphasizes the significance of the type of Li salt, solvent, and additives designed and used, as well as their interactions during the formation of the SEI. For practical applications, ensuring both the reversibility of the Li metal anode and electrolyte stability at high voltages is crucial. In this review, we explore recent advancements in addressing these challenges through new designs of electrolytes and SEI engineering practices. Specifically, we investigate the effects of electrolyte systems, including carbonate‐based and ether‐based solutions, along with modifications to these electrolyte systems aimed at achieving a more stable interface with the Li metal anode. Additionally, we discuss various artificial SEI structures based on organic and inorganic components. By critically examining recent research in these areas, this review provides valuable insights into current state‐of‐the‐art strategies for enhancing the performance and safety of Li metal batteries. With various types of lithium salt, solvents, and additives, the structure and components of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) can be designed. The comprehensive properties of SEI such as high mechanical stability, electronic insultation, and high ionic conductivity are closely related to uniform lithium deposition and side reaction prevention resulting in high Coulombic efficiency.

With 7.6 million deaths globally, cancer according to the World Health Organisation is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a cytokine produced by Th17 cells, a T helper cell subset developed from an activated CD4+ T-cell. Whilst the importance of IL-17 in human autoimmune disease, inflammation, and pathogen defence reactions has already been established, its potential role in cancer progression still needs to be updated. Interestingly studies have demonstrated that IL-17 plays an intricate role in the pathophysiology of cancer, from tumorigenesis, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis, to adapting the tumour in its ability to confer upon itself both immune, and chemotherapy resistance. This review will look into IL-17 and summarise the current information and data on its role in the pathophysiology of cancer as well as its potential application in the overall management of the disease.

Safety and efficiency of autonomous driving behavior are a tradeoff. Behaviors that are too focused on safety can reduce road operation efficiency, while those that are too efficient can compromise passengers’ safety beyond their tolerance. Therefore, it is important to understand people’s characteristics and maintain a balance between safety and efficiency. Overtaking, which involves passing the preceding vehicle and improving road capacity, requires complex interaction as collisions with opposing vehicles must be avoided on a two‐lane, two‐way road. Overtaking to increase road capacity can induce unnecessary deceleration in oncoming vehicles, harming oncoming traffic flow. To address these concerns, a diverse dataset of natural overtaking behavior is a priority. We conduct experiments using a network connection between two multiagent driving simulators to collect a human behavior‐based overtaking dataset and develop driving behavior models engaged in overtaking situations using the Extra Trees model. The behavior models are embedded in microsimulation to generate human behavior‐based datasets under different conditions using a dynamic link library and component object model interfaces. To understand the interaction in an overtaking scenario by the generated datasets, we used a K‐means clustering technique to analyze the different reaction behaviors between the oncoming and overtaking vehicles. The threshold for achieving a balanced combination of safety and efficiency is established using XGboost. Finally, safe overtaking behavior is analyzed using a combination of the classified driving styles and thresholds. The results show that the overtaking vehicle can safely start overtaking without endangering oncoming vehicles when both speed and distance conditions are met simultaneously; the speed is lower than 44.29 km/h and it is 407 m away from oncoming vehicles.

Hydrogen stands as a promising energy carrier that plays a pivotal role in addressing global sustainability and achieving carbon neutrality. The conversion of hydrogen energy through fuel cells has emerged as a central technology in this pursuit. Notably, protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) hold potential for the future hydrogen energy ecosystem, owing to their impressive energy conversion efficiencies at low‐to‐intermediate temperatures (300–750°C). It is becoming increasingly evident that the development of PCFC technology relies on advancements in the cathode, as oxygen‐involved reactions often exhibit sluggish kinetics. In this comprehensive review, we aim to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge concerning the design of advanced cathodes for PCFCs. This includes discussing key descriptors for cathodes, methods for characterizing material properties, and functionalization techniques to enhance electrode performance. Finally, we present insights into future research directions. Hydrogen is a promising energy source, and protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) offer high efficiency at moderate temperatures. However, improving the cathode is essential due to slow oxygen reaction kinetics. This review discusses advanced cathode designs, characterization methods, and future research directions.

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) impairs the respiratory system and increases the morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases. Even though aerobic exercise is known to improve pulmonary function in diverse populations, it can lead to an increase in the inhalation of PM2.5 in polluted environments. We aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise under high PM2.5 conditions on the pulmonary function in young adults. Nine healthy young men performed indoor treadmill running in both high and low PM2.5 conditions (59.0 ± 2.1 vs. 7.8 ± 1.0 μg/m3) by a crossover study design. Pulmonary function was assessed by spirometry and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) at pre- and 1-h post-exercise. There was no difference in the response of pulmonary function and lung diffusion capacity to the acute aerobic exercise in high and low PM2.5 conditions (p ≥ 0.09). These findings indicate that aerobic exercise in high PM2.5 conditions may not adversely affect pulmonary function in healthy young adults.

Structured questions include the number and frequency of episodes, onset/offset, duration, triggering/relieving factors, associated symptoms, medical history (especially cardiac disease), use of drugs/medications and family history (families may need to be asked specifically regarding sudden cardiac arrest/death or implanted cardiac defibrillators). Table 2 Potential differential diagnoses in children with palpitations Arrhythmia Ectopic beats (atrial or ventricular) Supraventricular Re-entrant (eg, AV re-entrant tachycardia) Atrial (eg, atrial flutter) Junctional tachycardia (rare) Ventricular (uncommon) Normal heart VT (eg, fasicular VT) Related to congenital heart disease or cardiomyopathy Inherited primary arrhythmia syndrome (eg, long QT syndrome) Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic Dilated Restrictive Physiological Anxiety/hyperventilation Exercise Fever Anaemia Autonomic Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) Endocrine Hyperthyroidism Phaeochromocytoma (v rare) Pharmacological Caffeine Prescription medications (eg, methylphenidate) Illicit substances (cocaine, amphetamines) If the child is old enough, it can be helpful to get them to tap out the rate and rhythm of their palpitations even if they are unable to count it. Box 1 Red flag features of palpitations—mnemonic ‘SKIP’ Syncope Known congenital heart disease or previous arrhythmia Inherited FHx of inherited cardiac disease, implanted cardiac defibrillator or sudden death <45 years of age Pain—cardiac sounding? Table 3 Factors known to trigger syncope in specific cardiac diagnoses Trigger/environment Indicated diagnoses/classic manifestation of Swimming Long QT syndrome 1 Loud noise Long QT syndrome 2 Sleep (or waking from, with palpitation/chest pain etc) Long QT syndrome 3 Fight or flight situations (even arguments) Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Fever Brugada syndrome Known congenital heart disease/cardiac surgery or previous arrhythmia SVT in infancy often resolves by a year of age, but can recur later.

Background:Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children and Kawasaki disease have overlapping clinical features but comparative echocardiographic studies are lacking.Methods:We reviewed echocardiography findings of all multi-system inflammatory syndrome cases between 1st April and 31st July, 2020 and typical Kawasaki disease patients with coronary arteries abnormalities consecutively followed between 1st October, 2016 and June 30th, 2019.Results:We included 40 multi-system inflammatory syndrome children (25 males, 62.5%) and 45 Kawasaki disease patients (31 males, 68.9%) at a mean age of 6.4 years old and 8 years old, respectively. Four out of 40 multi-system inflammatory syndrome children had coronary arteries abnormalities. Left ventricle ejection fraction was normal in both groups. Global longitudinal strain was normal although Kawasaki disease group had significantly lower values (–20.0 versus –21.7%; p = 0.02). Basal segments were the most affected in Kawasaki disease patients with significant differences in the basal anterior, anterolateral, and anteroseptal strain: –18.2 versus –23.0% (p = 0.002), –16.7 versus –22.0% (p < 0.001), –16.7 versus –19.5% (p = 0.034), respectively. The basal anterolateral and anteroseptal segments in Kawasaki disease patients were the only ones with an absolute reduction of longitudinal strain (–16.7% both) consistent with the greater left main coronary involvement in this cohort.Conclusions:Our findings are consistent with the transient cardiac involvement in multi-system inflammatory syndrome, as opposed to the subtle and chronic myocardial involvement in Kawasaki disease children with coronary arteries abnormalities. We speculate that the mechanism of cardiac impairment in the few multi-system inflammatory syndrome children with reduced global longitudinal strain is not related to coronary arteries abnormalities.

Recently, increasing numbers of people have realized the harm that particulate matter (PM) causes to health, especially those with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). With the increasing popularity of wearable devices in recent years, it is believed that wearable technology can contribute feasible solutions to prevent health hazards caused by PM2.5. In order to better understand the public’s needs regarding wearable devices, this study aimed to determine what kinds of PM2.5 wearable devices were needed by the public and the factors that may influence these needs. An online survey was conducted in the Beijing metropolitan area of China of a total of 894 subjects. The results showed that the public’s overall need for wearable PM2.5 purifiers was higher than for wearable PM2.5 trackers. The public’s needs for wearable breathing-zone PM2.5 devices were significantly higher than for any other type, indicating that people care about the quality of the air they actually breathe. It was also found that education, income level, and attitude toward PM2.5 positively affected their needs for wearable devices. In contrast, age had a negative influence on their needs. The results of this study are expected to serve as a valuable reference for related academic and industrial research.

Korea has one of the fastest rates of growth of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world, and is now the eight largest emitter of GHG. Attempts to reduce GHG, however, have been unpopular with businesses. If Korea wants to take on GHG reduction it will have to go about it in close consultation with the business community. Ultimately, Korea needs to learn to decouple economic growth from greenhouse emissions by devising long term plans. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]