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PurposeTo investigate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression after open globe injury in adults.MethodsA total of 95 participants, 43 adult patients with open globe injury and 52 age-sex similar subjects (control group), were included in this cross-sectional study. Age, gender, education level, occupation, accident history, psychiatric history, trauma type, cause of trauma, and visual acuity were recorded. One to six months after trauma, PTSD and depression symptoms of the participants were evaluated with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire-Civil Version Scale (PTSD-S) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively.ResultsPatients with open globe injury had a higher PTSD-S total score than the control group, but not significant (23.67 ± 20.41 vs. 18.56 ± 13.13, p = 0.580). Patients with eye trauma exhibited a much higher prevalence of PTSD compared to the control group (20.9% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.010). Patients with trauma had a significantly higher BDI total score than the control group (12.47 ± 10.08 vs. 7.69 ± 6.10, p = 0.015). Also, patients had a higher rate of depression symptoms than controls (25.6% vs. 7.7%, p = 0.017). A significant positive correlation was observed between PTSD-S and BDI scores in the trauma group (r = 0.720, p < 0.001).ConclusionAn increased prevalence of PTSD and depression was observed in adults after open globe injury. The significant relationship between PTSD-S and BDI scores indicates that patients with open globe injuries should be questioned in terms of both symptoms. For patients with open globe trauma, a holistic approach with psychosocial assessment in addition to physical intervention would be beneficial.

Purpose: To investigate the potential relationship between ocular trauma and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related clinical outcomes in adults. Methods: This prospective case-control study included 108 ocular trauma patients and 90 age-sex-matched healthy control. The ocular trauma group was separated into the subgroups home accident, outdoor activity, and work related in terms of the reasons for ocular trauma, and as ocular surface problems, blunt trauma-related, and open globe injury in terms of the clinical findings. The ADHD-related clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS). The outcomes were compared between ocular trauma and control groups, and ocular trauma subgroups. Results: The demographic characteristics of ocular trauma groups and controls were similar (P > 0.05, for all). In comparison to the control group, the ocular trauma group had higher total WURS score and WURS subscale scores, but not significantly (P > 0.05, for all). According to comparisons of the subgroups separated by the reasons, there was significant difference in the mean behavioral problems/impulsivity scores in favor of outdoor activities (P = 0.015). On the other hand, the mean scores for WURS subscales of the subgroups separated by the clinical findings were similar (P > 0.05, for all) Conclusion: WURS scores in ocular trauma patients are similar to control; however, the score in behavioral problems/impulsivity subscales is higher for ocular trauma caused by outdoor activities.

Objective: This study aimed to detect the presence of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma endosymbionts in Musca flies through molecular approaches. Methods: In total, 40 Musca spp. (20 female and 20 male) were used. Before DNA extraction, the flies were dissected and their heads, wings and legs were detached from their bodies under a stereomicroscope. Genomic DNA was analysed by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers against Musca beta-tubulin. Afterward, the samples were examined for the presence of Wolbachia spp. using primers against Wolbachia wsp and GroEL. Furthermore, the DNA samples were analysed by PCR to detect the presence of Spiroplasma using primers against the 16S rRNA. Results: No Wolbachia positivity was detected in Musca flies, as shown by the negative PCR results for wsp and GroEL. Spiroplasma positivity was detected in 5% (1/20) of the female Musca flies but not in the male flies (0/20). Conclusion: Wolbachia spp. were not detected in Musca flies. Of the total Musca flies, only one was positive for Spiroplasma spp. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect the presence of Spiroplasma in Musca flies.

Objective: this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in goats from the Korkuteli district of Antalya. Methods: During the study, sera samples were obtained from 184 female goats and analyzed for the presence of antibodies against N. caninum using a commercial ELISA kit. Results: Seroprevalence of N. caninum was determined as 4.89%. Seropositivity of N. caninum in goats was not statistically significant (p>0.05) in terms of study centers, age groups, and abort situation. Conclusion: This study reports the first data on the presence and seroprevalence of N. caninum in the goats in the region.

The relationship between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index calculated using fasting blood glucose and triglyceride values ​​was evaluated among 62 patients diagnosed with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and 57 healthy volunteers. Patients were classified as having branch (BRVO) or central (CRVO) retinal vein occlusion. The mean age was 64.6 ± 12.4 in the BRVO group of 35 patients, 65.2 ± 13.0 in the CRVO group of 27 patients, and 62.8 ± 12.5 in the control group ( p  = 0.7). The frequency of hypertension was significantly higher in both CRVO and BRVO groups ( p  = 0.002). Fasting blood glucose and triglyceride were significantly higher and HDL-C was significantly lower in BRVO and CRVO patients compared to the control group ( p  = 0.003, p  < 0.001, p  = 0.005). TyG index were found to be significantly higher in patients with BRVO and CRVO (9.0 ± 0.5) compared to the control group (8.4 ± 0.4) ( p  < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that TyG index independently predicted BRVO (odds ratio = 4.53; 95% confidence interval = 1.78–11.55; p  = 0.002) and any RVO (odds ratio = 6.82; 95% confidence interval = 2.75–16.90; p  < 0.001). In receiver operating characteristics analysis, TyG index had an area under the curve of 0.785, and a TyG index greater than 8.85 predicted any RVO with 65% sensitivity and 82% specificity ( p  < 0.001). There is a significant association between high levels of TyG index and, in particular, both BRVO and any RVO. The TyG index can be a valuable biomarker in identifying individuals at risk of RVO.

PurposeTo evaluate mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity in patients with congenital red–green color vision deficiency regarding with and without glare conditions and to compare these findings with age- and gender-matched healthy controls with normal color vision.MethodsPatients with congenital red–green color vision deficiency and age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional comparative study. Contrast sensitivity measurements were taken from all subjects in 4 different conditions; binocular mesopic-without glare, mesopic-with glare, photopic-without glare, photopic-with glare, and the results were compared.ResultsTwenty one patients with color vision deficiency (13 deuteranopic, 8 protanopic) and 22 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in the study. The mean age was 35.2 ± 13.5 years in the protan group, 30.6 ± 7.7 years in the deutan group, 32.0 ± 8.8 years in the control group, and there was no significant difference in age between the groups (P > 0.05). The mean mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity values of the groups at all spatial frequencies (1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd) were not statistically significant when evaluated by the multifactor repeated measures test of ANOVA to evaluate the effect of light conditions (with and without glare) (P > .05).ConclusionMesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity values of patients with congenital red–green color vision deficiency were similar to healthy controls regarding with and without glare conditions.

Summary Purpose This study was carried out to determine the presence of Entamoeba histolytica in water sources of Niğde province in Turkey, between June and November 2021. Methods A total of 90 water samples were taken from 15 different water sources (drinking water, well water, spring water, wastewater and dam water) every month and the presence of E. histolytica antigens in the samples was examined by ELISA. Results The positivity for E. histolytica was determined in 7 (7.7%) of 90 samples. While no antigens were found in any of the samples in June and September, E. histolytica was positive for three samples (20%) in July, one sample (6.6%) in August and October and two samples in November (13.3%). One of 24 dam samples (4.1%), 1 of 12 wastewater samples (8.3%), 1 of 12 well samples (8.3%), and 4 of 24 fountain samples (16.6%) that examined by ELISA were found positive. On the other hand, none of the examined 18 spring samples were positive. In addition, 4 (8.8%) of 45 samples that examined in summer and 3 (6.6%) of 45 samples that examined in autumn were detected positive by using ELISA. Entamoeba histolytica positivity in samples was statistically insignificant in terms of months, water resources and seasons ( P  > 0.05). Conclusion As a result, the presence of E. histolytica , which is an important public health problem in water sources, was determined for the first time in Niğde province of Türkiye with this study.

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Wolbachia spp. and Spiroplasma spp. in natural populations of sand flies in Turkey by molecular methods. A total of 40 Phlebotomus specimens (19 female and 21 male) were used in this study. Genomic DNA from whole sand flies was isolated and Wolbachia spp. infection prevalence was investigated by using Wolbachia gene specific primer sets ( wsp and GroEL) . In addition, the DNA were analyzed for the presence of Spiroplasma infections utilizing bacterium specific 16 S rDNA PCR-amplification primers. Results of this analysis showed a Wolbachia infection prevalence of 70% (28/40). There was no sex-bias in infection prevalence, being 76% (16/21) and 63% (12/19) in males and females, respectively. Analysis of Spiroplasma infections indicated that 26% (5/19) of female sand flies were positive for infection, while none of the screened males (0/21) were positive. Of the 40 sand fly samples, only 2 were found to be positive for both Wolbachia spp . and Spiroplasma spp . The present study demonstrates the presence of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma infections in the natural sand fly populations in Turkey. This is the first report on Spiroplasma infection in the sand flies from Turkey.

The study was conducted to detect the prevalence of haemoprotozoan parasites in the domestic and wild pigeons in Niğde province. The study material included a total of 216 pigeons, which comprised 105 domestic (55 females, 50 males) and 111 wild (53 females, 58 males) pigeons belonging to Niğde province. Smears were prepared using the blood collected from the vena cutanea ulnaris of the pigeons and then examined for the presence of haemoprotozoan parasites under a light microscope using immersion objective. The microscopic examination of the smears showed that 107 (49.54%) of the 216 pigeons were infected with Haemoproteus columbae. The samples collected from 9 (8.57%) of the 105 domestic pigeons and 98 (88.29%) of the 111 wild pigeons were positive for H. columbae. The positivity rates of H. columbae between the domestic and wild pigeons were calculated to be statistically significant (p<0.01). The average level of parasitaemia in the 107 pigeons infected with H. columbae was detected to be 2.85%. On the other hand, Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, and Trypanosoma species were not observed in the blood smears of the pigeons. This is the first survey regarding H. columbae performed on the domestic and wild pigeons in Niğde province.

Objective: The study was conducted to detect the prevalence of haemoprotozoan parasites in the domestic and wild pigeons in Niğde province. Methods: The study material included a total of 216 pigeons, which comprised 105 domestic (55 females, 50 males) and 111 wild (53 females, 58 males) pigeons belonging to Niğde province. Smears were prepared using the blood collected from the vena cutanea ulnaris of the pigeons and then examined for the presence of haemoprotozoan parasites under a light microscope using immersion objective. Results: The microscopic examination of the smears showed that 107 (49.54%) of the 216 pigeons were infected with Haemoproteus columbae. The samples collected from 9 (8.57%) of the 105 domestic pigeons and 98 (88.29%) of the 111 wild pigeons were positive for H. columbae. The positivity rates of H. columbae between the domestic and wild pigeons were calculated to be statistically significant (p<0.01). The average level of parasitaemia in the 107 pigeons infected with H. columbae was detected to be 2.85%. On the other hand, Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, and Trypanosomaspecies were not observed in the blood smears of the pigeons. Conclusion: This is the first survey regarding H. columbae performed on the domestic and wild pigeons in Niğde province.