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Background Several preliminary studies have been conducted in the field of the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in the elderly population. These studies have examined the prevalence in limited geographic areas with small sample sizes. Also, there are many limitations in the meta-analysis studies. The objective of the present study was to synthesize the global prevalence statistics of depression, anxiety, and stress in the elderly population through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods The present systematic review included retrieval of primary studies from the oldest relevant study up to 2023. To find the relevant studies, international databases such as Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science (WoS) were systematically searched. Also, a manual search was performed through the Google Scholar search engine and a review of the sources of related articles. The qualitative assessment of the studies was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Due to a high heterogeneity among the study results, a Random Effects model was chosen. Results A total of 42 articles on depression, 47 articles on anxiety and 13 articles on stress were included in the meta-analysis. The overall estimates for prevalence based on a random-effects model were as follows: depression, 19.2% (95% CI: 13.0 − 27.5%); anxiety, 16.5% (95% CI: 11.1 − 22.8%); and stress, 13.9% (95% CI: 5.5 − 30.9%). The highest prevalence of depression and anxiety was recorded in Africa. The prevalence of depression was higher in nursing homes, and stress was more prevalent in individuals with COVID-19 compared to other populations. Conclusion The findings revealed a high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in the elderly population. Therefore, it is recommended that healthcare professionals and policymakers pay more attention to the prevention and management of these disorders in the elderly population.

Cervical cancer is a major global health issue, particularly in developing countries. Pap smear-based cervical cancer screening (CCS) is crucial for prevention. The Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) aids in understanding psychological factors influencing CCS behaviors. This study investigated CCS determinants among Iranian women using Rogers’ PMT. This cross-sectional study involved 254 women visiting health centers in Kermanshah and Tehran in 2024. A modified PMT was used with a validated questionnaire measuring fear, perceived vulnerability, perceived intensity, response efficacy, self-efficacy, response cost, demographics, and CCS-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Path analysis was conducted using AMOS. Participants exhibited a mean CCS behavior score of 3.62 (SD = 2.07). Path analysis revealed significant negative total effects on CCS behavior for fear (Standardized Estimate = −0.238, p  = 0.009), response cost (Standardized Estimate = −0.111, p  = 0.006), and perceived vulnerability (Standardized Estimate = −0.064, p  = 0.021). Conversely, positive total effects on CCS behavior were observed for response efficacy (Standardized Estimate = 0.049, p  = 0.003), protection motivation (Standardized Estimate = 0.155, p  = 0.01), self-efficacy (Standardized Estimate = 0.106, p  = 0.007), knowledge (Standardized Estimate = 0.011, p  = 0.002), and attitude (Standardized Estimate = 0.052, p  = 0.007). Fear, response costs and perceived vulnerability negatively impact CCS behavior among Iranian women, while perceived intensity, response efficacy, protection motivation, knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy are positive factors. The PMT-based model can guide educational programs to promote CCS behavior, informing targeted counseling and program development to enhance CCS uptake.

This study compared the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) on intensity and perceived enjoyment during an exergame. Fourteen healthy young participants engaged in a boxing exergame for 20 min, with or without BFR, across two sessions. Perceived enjoyment levels were assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. Heart rate was monitored, and energy expenditure (EE) during exercise was calculated. A mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to evaluate differences in EE and enjoyment between exergame conditions (with and without BFR) as well as the interaction effects of these protocols with gender. Although not statistically significant, perceived enjoyment decreased with BFR inclusion for both genders. No significant differences were observed between men and women for both protocols. Regarding EE, there was no significant difference between the two groups (with and without BFR). However, a significant main effect of gender was found, with men exhibiting higher EE values in both protocols compared to women. In conclusion, exergames incorporating BFR impact perceptual responses, particularly perceived enjoyment. Furthermore, significant gender differences in EE were found, with men displaying higher values.

Nursing is an emotionally demanding profession where unmanaged anger can compromise patient care and teamwork. While clinical experience is thought to enhance emotional regulation, the relationship between work experience and anger management remains poorly understood. This study aimed to assess whether work experience predicts anger management ability among nurses, using Benner's Novice to Expert Theory as a guiding framework. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 involving 265 nurses working in hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Stratified random sampling was used based on hospital wards. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation analysis, t tests, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analysis. Normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The sample size was determined using parameters referenced in prior studies and confirmed with G*Power software (Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf). Although nurses with more experience reported slightly higher anger control scores, the correlation between work experience and anger management was not significant (r=-0.079, P=.18). Regression analysis revealed that shift type and job security significantly predicted anger regulation, independent of experience level. Work experience alone does not ensure improved anger management among nurses. Organizational factors such as shift scheduling and employment stability may have a greater influence on emotional regulation. Institutions are encouraged to provide structured support and stress management training, especially for early-career nurses.

Context Full fat soybean (FFSB) can be used in poultry diets as a source of fat and protein, without extra cost for oil extraction; however, raw FFSB contains several anti‐nutritional factors. Aims Investigating the effects of replacing dietary soybean meal (SBM) with processed (roasted or autoclaved) FFSB on the performance of laying hens and egg quality traits. Methods A total of 324 Bovans White strain laying hens were randomly selected and distributed in 54 replicate cages. Based on a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments plus a control group, nine diets in which SBM were replaced with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100℅ roasted or autoclaved FFSB, with six replicates (with six hens each), were evaluated during an 8‐week trial period (60–68 weeks). Key results Significantly increased feed intake (FI) was observed in hens fed diets including autoclaved FFSB (p < 0.05). The interactions between SBM replacement level and processing on feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg production (EP) and egg mass (EM) were significant (p < 0.01). Hens fed the diet with 100% roasted FFSB instead of SBM showed poor performance in terms of FCR, EP and EM during the experimental period. The main effect of SBM‐replacing level on Haugh unit was significant (p < 0.05). The main effect of processing on shell thickness was significant (p < 0.05), so autoclaved FFSB caused higher eggshell thickness than control and roasted FFSB. Conclusions Replacement of dietary SBM with autoclaved FFSB can improve laying hens’ performance in terms of FCR, EP, EM and eggshell quality and yolk colour. Implications The use of autoclaved FFSB to replace commercial SBM and its oil in the diet of laying hens is recommended. Feed factories can formulate the diets of laying hens with autoclaved FFSB without extra cost due to oil extraction soybeans. Diet inclusion of 100% AFFSB (20 minutes at 121°C) as a substitute for SBM could have a positive effect on the performance (FCR, EP, EM and EW) of laying hens.

Osteoporosis, a systemic skeletal disorder specified by low bone mass, is associated with bone fragility and the raised risk of fractures. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been directly demonstrated as a prominent biological event in the prevention of osteoporosis. Recently, critical roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) were further revealed in Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation and thereby contributing to the development and maintenance of the human skeleton. In this study, we investigated whether miR-218 can significantly promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in conditional media by regulating β-catenin signaling inhibitors. The pre-miRNA nucleotide sequence of miR-218 was cloned into the pEGP-miR vector. Next, human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) were isolated, characterized, and transfected using pEGP-miR-218.Subsequently, the osteogenic potential of AD-MSCs was investigated in different treated groups using alkaline phosphatase (ALP)activity, calcium mineral deposition, and the expression of osteogenesis-related genes. Finally, negative regulators of Wnt signaling targeted by miR-218 were bioinformatically predicted. Our results indicated a significant increase in the ALP activity, mineralization, and osteogenesis-related genes expression in the AD-MSCs transfected with pEGP-miR-218. Also, the bioinformatic surveys and gene expression results showed that adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3-β) were downregulated in the transfected AD-MSCs in both differential and conditional media. This study provided evidence that miR-218 can promote osteogenic differentiation of AD-MSCs even in conditional media. Therefore, our findings suggest miR-218 as a putative novel therapeutic candidate in the context of osteoporosis and other bone metabolism-related diseases.

Background: This study aimed to compare acute hemodynamic, metabolic (glucose and blood lactate concentrations), hormonal (growth hormone and normetanephrine), heart rate variability (HRV), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses before and after bouts of a boxing exergame with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) in non-athlete young individuals. Methods: Fourteen participants (age: 30 ± 10 y; BMI: 21 ± 3 kg.m−2) participated in two sessions of a 20 min boxing exergame. During week one, the participants were randomly divided into two groups and played against one another under normal (n = 7) and BFR (n = 7) conditions. Over the next exercise session, participants were then reallocated to the opposite condition (normal vs. BFR) for data collection. Hemodynamic, metabolic, HRV, and hormonal parameters were measured before and immediately after the exercise protocols. Results: Playing exergame led to a significant increase in hemodynamic variables (except for diastolic blood pressure) regardless of BFR condition with no between-group differences. Regarding HRV, significant reductions in total power (TP) and low-frequency (LF) waves were identified in the non-BFR group (p < 0.0001) compared with the BFR group. Conversely, a significant increase in very LF (VLF) waves was noted for the BFR group (p = 0.050), compared with the non-BFR group. Significant increases were observed in serum concentrations of growth hormone, normetanephrine, and blood lactate concentration from pre- to post-exercise under both conditions (p ≤ 0.05), with no significant differences between the groups. Moreover, no statistically significant changes were observed in glucose levels. RPE responses were significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) in the BFR group compared with the non-BFR group throughout the exercise session. Conclusions: We observed similar hemodynamic, hormonal, and metabolic responses after an acute boxing exergame session in young individuals, whether conducted with or without BFR. However, notable differences were observed in certain HRV markers and RPE. Specifically, the inclusion of BFR resulted in an elevation of VLF and a heightened perceived exertion. These findings suggest that BFR may alter cardiac autonomic and perceptual responses during exergaming. Further research is warranted to understand the long-term implications and potential benefits of incorporating BFR into exergaming routines.

The Fagaceae family is comprised of 8 genera with over 1000 different species. Despite many advances in understanding phylogenetic relationships based on molecular data, the existence of hybrids and/or the presence of ambiguous sequences justify careful observation of morphological, anatomical, and ecological characters of the Fagaceae. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the morphological and anatomical characteristics the leaf of existing taxa in different habitats in Iran to identify and establish their similarities and dissimilarities relationships between them. Thus, 52 quantitative and qualitative characters from the leaf were studied. Cluster Analysis and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were done based on Euclidean distance and covariance characteristics, respectively. The results obtained from PCA were consistent with cluster analysis. The results showed that the presence or absence of grooves in the petiole, petiole length, leaf width, leaf outline, the presence of trichomes between the midrib and secondary veins behind the leaf, the presence of cilia on the leaf margins were important morphological traits in the Fagaceae family. Some leaf anatomical characters such as venation density, midrib thickness, the presence or absence of trichomes, different shapes and sizes of trichomes, trichomes density, thickness and variety of epicuticular waxes and their shapes, stomatal size and density would be taxonomically useful for species.

Vessels and tracheids represent the most important xylem cells with respect to long distance water transport in plants. Wood anatomical studies frequently provide several quantitative details of these cells, such as vessel diameter, vessel density, vessel element length, and tracheid length, while important information on the three dimensional structure of the hydraulic network is not considered. This paper aims to provide an overview of various techniques, although there is no standard protocol to quantify conduits due to high anatomical variation and a wide range of techniques available. Despite recent progress in image analysis programs and automated methods for measuring cell dimensions, density, and spatial distribution, various characters remain time-consuming and tedious. Quantification of vessels and tracheids is not only important to better understand functional adaptations of tracheary elements to environment parameters, but will also be essential for linking wood anatomy with other fields such as wood development, xylem physiology, palaeobotany, and dendrochronology.