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The molecular alterations that occur in cells before cancer is manifest are largely uncharted. Lung carcinoma in situ (CIS) lesions are the pre-invasive precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. Although microscopically identical, their future is in equipoise, with half progressing to invasive cancer and half regressing or remaining static. The cellular basis of this clinical observation is unknown. Here, we profile the genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic landscape of CIS in a unique patient cohort with longitudinally monitored pre-invasive disease. Predictive modeling identifies which lesions will progress with remarkable accuracy. We identify progression-specific methylation changes on a background of widespread heterogeneity, alongside a strong chromosomal instability signature. We observed mutations and copy number changes characteristic of cancer and chart their emergence, offering a window into early carcinogenesis. We anticipate that this new understanding of cancer precursor biology will improve early detection, reduce overtreatment, and foster preventative therapies targeting early clonal events in lung cancer. A multi-omics survey of progressive compared to regressive carcinoma in situ lesions provides a molecular map of early lung cancer development.

Matthew Meyerson and colleagues report whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing of 55 small intestine neuroendocrine tumors. They identify recurrent somatic mutations in CDKN1B , implicating cell cycle dysregulation in the pathogenesis of these tumors. The diagnosed incidence of small intestine neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) is increasing, and the underlying genomic mechanisms have not yet been defined. Using exome- and genome-sequence analysis of SI-NETs, we identified recurrent somatic mutations and deletions in CDKN1B , the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene, which encodes p27. We observed frameshift mutations of CDKN1B in 14 of 180 SI-NETs, and we detected hemizygous deletions encompassing CDKN1B in 7 out of 50 SI-NETs, nominating p27 as a tumor suppressor and implicating cell cycle dysregulation in the etiology of SI-NETs.

This article examines the processes through which home society politics affect Greek immigrant incorporation into the host society's political structures. The argument made is that immigrant concern with the home society's territorial sovereignty prompt immigrant incorporation into the American polity. Following Turkey's invasion of Cyprus in the summer of 1974 and numerous Turkish claims on Greek islands since then, Greek and American-born activists and leaders have engaged in an \"Americanization project\" characterized by two levels of mobilizing activity: activists and leaders have sought to first create formal relations with local and national level American politicians and parties and second to mobilize immigrants to enter American political structures (by becoming naturalized citizens, voting and contributing funds to political campaigns) so that they may this way influence American foreign policy in the Aegean. To foster the process of \"Americanization,\" activists and leaders have relied on the construction of binational identities.

It is in the complex interactions of the immigrants being citizens and members of two distinctive national entities, the interactions between these two nation-states and their cultural and political markets, and their attempts to remain faithful to the motherland while maximizing their group interests in the United States, that the immigrants construct a new set of group attitudes (Kunkelman, 1990:1-3). There are three distinctive but interrelated sets of interests with their sources in the global, national and local levels, which interface and create a unique nexus of attitudes and \"racial identity politics\" for Greek immigrants and their descendants in the U.S. Home society national sovereignty issues, the interests and needs of the Patriarchate of Constantinople/Istanbul, along with immigrant and ethnic material and status interests, including increasing intermarriage rates, are the background against which immigrants construct a new set of group narratives, identities and attitudes.

It's our church, it's our school (parochial), it's our community. We have to decide what goes on in the schools, the kind of education our children receive. It's all politics you see. The church is social. We don't go there for the spirituality.

The dissertation is an ethhnographic study of the two groups of sojourner and permanent settler Greek immigrants of Astoria, New York. The sojourner is the immigrant who views his/her stay abroad as temporary and intends to eventually return home. The immigrant acquires his/her intentions to settle or sojourn depending on experiences in New York and Greece, ties with and opportunities for further upward mobility and a better quality of life in the host and home societies. The sojourners' and settlers' differential rates of incorporation into the formal and informal structures of the immigrant community and selected aspects of the host society is the first focus of the dissertation. The two groups have different rates of incorporation into the immigrant community and a number of host society institutions. The sojourning experience itself is a heterogeneous experience affected by class, age, gender and availability of support networks in the host society. Sojourners themselves have different rates of incorporation into the immigrant community and the larger host society. Incorporation and participation in the immigrant community structures or institutions of the larger host society are matter of opportunity rather than desire or intentions. It is argued in the concluding chapter that the immigrants' definitions of themselves as sojourners must be understood against the background of global restructuring and the immigrants' actual and potential positions in the host and home societies. Two factors are important in the immigrant's definition of him/herself as a sojourner: (a) comparability of the labor markets (i.e., comparability of actual and potential social class positions) in the host and home societies, (b) availability of extended family support networks nearby. Availability of support networks are important in influencing (i) integration into the host and home societies and (ii) resources to take advantage of the changing opportunity structures in the host and home societies. Given the resources immigrants have amassed in the host society, the changing local economies in the two societies and the resources awaiting them in the home society, sojourners are the immigrants who view themselves as having greater opportunities for further upward mobility in the home society.

BOOK REVIEW The Archaeology of Xenitia: Greek Immigration and Material Culture Ed. by Kostis Kourelis Athens: Gennadius Library, 2008 ISBN 978-960-86960-6-8, 104 pp.