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Background Post-surgical lymphedema frequently occurs following lymph node dissection. The murine tail is the most commonly used model to study secondary lymphedema. The murine hindlimb model offers a more clinically translatable approach but results in the literature have been inconsistent. The purpose of this study is to optimize the murine hindlimb lymphedema to achieve consistent results and assess the utility of radiation. Methods C57BL/6 mice underwent either 20-Gy irradiation of one hindlimb 7 days prior to surgery ( n  = 11) or no radiation ( n  = 9). For all mice, a circumferential skin incision was created at the proximal hindlimb. Lymphatics were identified and disrupted. Popliteal lymph nodes were excised. Paw thickness was measured and near-infrared laser lymphangiography was used to assess lymphatic function. Results The average paw thickness of the operated hindlimb in irradiated mice on postoperative day (POD) 14 was 3.5 ± 0.3 cm compared to 2.1 ± 0.05 cm on the contralateral limb ( p  = 0.0001). Lymphangiography on POD-42 showed significantly worse lymphatic function in the operated hindlimb compared to the control hindlimb ( p  = 0.003). For the non-radiated mice, the paw thickness was 2.5 ± 0.2 cm on POD-42 compared to the contralateral limb (2.1 ± 0.1 cm) ( p  = 0.0002) but smaller than radiated hindlimb group (3.2 ± 0.1 cm) ( p  = 0.0002). The nonradiated mice had significantly greater paw thickness than the control limb until POD-56 whereas the radiated mice sustained significant paw thickness to POD-90. Conclusion Radiation of the murine hindlimb model results in sustained lymphedema compared to non-irradiated mice. The murine hindlimb lymphedema model is clinically more translatable than the murine tail model with consistent results.

Using a convincing causal model of violence, Kasozi attributes the major causes of violence in Uganda to social inequality, the failure to develop legitimate conflict resolution mechanisms, and factors that have influenced the domain and patterns of conflict in that society (such as lack of a common language, religious sectarianism, vigilante justice, and gender inequality). He concludes the study by drawing comparisons with neighbouring countries and offering some prescriptions for alleviating the violence. Kasozi was assisted by Nakanyike Musisi and James Mukooza Sejjengo, who participated in the research on this book.

Using a convincing causal model of violence, Kasozi attributes the major causes of violence in Uganda to social inequality, the failure to develop legitimate conflict resolution mechanisms, and factors that have influenced the domain and patterns of conflict in that society (such as lack of a common language, religious sectarianism, vigilante justice, and gender inequality). He concludes the study by drawing comparisons with neighbouring countries and offering some prescriptions for alleviating the violence. Kasozi was assisted by Nakanyike Musisi and James Mukooza Sejjengo, who participated in the research on this book. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda is one of the most thorough and comprehensive analyses of the causes, levels, and incidence of more than two decades of violence in Uganda.

Secondary lymphedema is characterized by limb swelling following lymphatic disruption. This results in decreased lymph flow through the collecting ducts and dermal backflow in the subdermal lymphatics. The role of dermal lymphatics in the development of lymphedema is poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of dermal lymphatic preservation in the development of lymphedema in a murine tail experimental model. A standard murine lymphedema tail model was used as the study control. A 3 mm circumferential excision was performed 20 mm from the base of the tail. Both collecting lymphatics adjacent to the veins were transected (Full Dermal Disruption (FDD), control, n = 6). The experimental group was a modification of the standard model consisting of two hemi circumferential skin excision and collecting lymphatics transection with 3 mm interval (Partial Dermal Disruption (PDD), experimental, n = 8) maintaining continuity of capillary lymphatics. Tail volume measurements, lymphatic clearance with near Infrared Indocyanine Green (ICG) laser lymphangiography, and histology were assessed. The PDD group had lower tail volumes compared to FDD till day 28 (p < 0.001). ICG lymphangiography demonstrated better lymphatic clearance in the PDD when compared to FDD (p < 0.001). Reduced dermal thickness (p = 0.004) and collagen deposition (p = 0.008) were observed in PDD. Podoplanin-positive lymphatic vessel density was higher in PDD at the unadjusted level (p = 0.014) but did not meet Bonferroni-corrected significance (α = 0.010). This study demonstrates dermal lymphatics can preserve lymphatic function despite injury to transporting lymphatic channels. Dermal lymphatics may have the potential for lymphedema prevention at the lymphatic injury site.

This article reviews the challenges and opportunities posed by the rapid growth of private universities in Uganda since 1988 and tries to identify areas of the private university system in which the state can play a positive role. It argues that the state should not leave the operation of the system entirely to market forces but should positively regulate their activities without control. Seven challenges are identified. These include the management challenge, the financing of these institutions, meeting the ever increasing demand for higher education, the devising of relevant curricula, addressing the dearth of qualified academic staff, the formation of a comprehensive national higher education policy, and the maintenance of institutional autonomy tempered by accountability of each of tfiese new university institutions. At the same time, the article identifies a number of opportunities that these institutions could take advantage of. These include the positive economic development the country has been registering for the last decade and half, the resilience of the lower educational system, the social need for higher education, the policy of Universal Primary Education (UPE), the interest of the current government in education development, and the positive international attitude toward Uganda.