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The whole genome sequencing analysis of 20 T. indotineae strains demonstrate that this new species is distinct clonal offshoot of T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale spp. complex. [...]naming of this emerging antifungal-resistant species was essential as it could not be unambiguously identified as either T. mentagrophytes or T. interdigitale based on ITS sequencing, mycological and physiological characteristics. [...]in the last 5 years before labelling T. indotineae as a species de novo, studies based on rDNA ITS region sequencing identified Indian Trichophyton strains as T. mentagrophytes/interdigitale; further, Nenoff and colleagues grouped the strains as T. mentagrophytes Type VIII [3,4,6,26,32]. The BLAST searches of ITS sequences of T. indotineae on NCBI database still show ≥99% sequence similarity with T. mentagrophytes, T. interdigitale, and T. indotineae. [...]to obtain accurate identification (i.e., sequence similarity of 100% with T. indotineae), ITS sequences of well-defined reference strains described by Tang and colleagues [30], importantly, primary T. indotineae strains (NUBS19006 and NUBS19007), should be included in the analysis. Notably, TRB-resistant T. indotineae strains isolated from cases in Germany, Denmark, and Switzerland during 2016 to 2020 exhibited Phe397Leu and Leu393Phe amino acid substitutions that confer resistance to TRB [11,15,22,33]. Since 2018, several cases of clinically resistant tinea corporis with extensive lesions that do not respond to TRB have been reported from France [13,14].

Skin tissue engineering has attained several clinical milestones making remarkable progress over the past decades. Skin is inhabited by a plethora of cells spatiotemporally arranged in a 3-dimensional (3D) matrix, creating a complex microenvironment of cell-matrix interactions. This complexity makes it difficult to mimic the native skin structure using conventional tissue engineering approaches. With the advent of newer fabrication strategies, the field is evolving rapidly. However, there is still a long way before an artificial skin substitute can fully mimic the functions and anatomical hierarchy of native human skin. The current focus of skin tissue engineers is primarily to develop a 3D construct that maintains the functionality of cultured cells in a guided manner over a period of time. While several natural and synthetic biopolymers have been translated, only partial clinical success is attained so far. Key challenges include the hierarchical complexity of skin anatomy; compositional mismatch in terms of material properties (stiffness, roughness, wettability) and degradation rate; biological complications like varied cell numbers, cell types, matrix gradients in each layer, varied immune responses, and varied methods of fabrication. In addition, with newer biomaterials being adopted for fabricating patient-specific skin substitutes, issues related to escalating processing costs, scalability, and stability of the constructs under in vivo conditions have raised some concerns. This review provides an overview of the field of skin regenerative medicine, existing clinical therapies, and limitations of the current techniques. We have further elaborated on the upcoming tissue engineering strategies that may serve as promising alternatives for generating functional skin substitutes, the pros and cons associated with each technique, and scope of their translational potential in the treatment of chronic skin ailments.

Among conventional fabrication techniques, freeze‐drying process has widely been investigated for polymeric implants. However, the understanding of the stem cell progenitor‐dependent cell functionality modulation and quantitative analysis of early osseointegration of highly porous scaffolds have not been explored. Here, we developed a novel, highly porous, multimaterial composite, chitosan/hydroxyapatite/polycaprolactone (CHT/HA/PCL). The in vitro studies have been performed using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from three tissue sources: human bone marrow‐derived MSCs (BM‐MSCs), adipose‐derived MSCs (AD‐MSCs), and Wharton's jelly‐derived MSCs (WJ‐MSCs). Although cell attachment and metabolic activity [3‐4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2yl‐(2,5 diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazoliumbromide) assay] were ore enhanced in WJ‐MSC‐laden CHT/HA/PCL composites, scanning electron microscopy, real‐time gene expression (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], collagen type I [Col I], osteocalcin [OCN], and bone morphogenetic protein 4 [BMP‐4]), and immunostaining (COL I, β‐CATENIN, OCN, and SCLEROSTIN [SOST]) demonstrated pronounced osteogenesis with terminal differentiation on BM‐MSC‐laden CHT/HA/PCL composites only. The enhanced cell functionality on CHT/HA/PCL composites was explained in terms of interplay among the surface properties and the optimal source of MSCs. In addition, osteogenesis in rat tibial model over 6 weeks confirmed a better ratio of bone volume to the total volume for BM‐MSC‐laden composites over scaffold‐only and defect‐only groups. The clinically conformant combination of 3D porous architecture with pore sizes varying in the range of 20 to 200  μm together with controlled in vitro degradation and early osseointegration establish the potential of CHT/HA/PCL composite as a potential cancellous bone analog. A chitosan‐based, multimaterial was developed using freeze‐drying approach. The biocompatibility was assessed using three popular human stem cells of clinical relevance (bone marrow [BM]‐, adipose‐, fetal‐derived MSCs) was carried out for osseointegration. A better osseointegration was recorded with BM‐MSC‐laden composites in vitro and in vivo for reconstruction of preclinical rat tibial defects.

Invasive fungal infections affect 6.5 million people annually and are associated with high mortality rates. Despite being the leading cause of invasive yeast infections in the Asia-Pacific, this is the first comprehensive study of Candida tropicalis from India documenting the emergence of azole-resistant clonal lineage (clade 4) in several hospitals in India. Azole resistance is driven by mutations, gene duplication, and overexpression of its target gene ERG11 . The Indian azole-resistant isolates showed high genetic relatedness with those from China. Also, resistant isolate showed overexpression of virulence-related genes and robust biofilm formation. Notably, reduced β-glucan exposure in fluconazole-resistant isolates may contribute to their decreased susceptibility to the innate immune system. Importantly, this study provides evidence for the emergence of azole-resistant C. tropicalis lineage in India, which exhibits several traits associated with adhesion and immune evasion that could possibly enable its spread in healthcare settings leading to a public health concern.

Cloud Computing deals with the varied virtualization resources. The task scheduling plays a crucial role to enhance the performance of cloud computing. The issue with task scheduling is distribution of tasks within the system in a way that will optimize the performance of the overall system, minimize the makespan, waiting time, maximize throughput, and so on. The paper highlights the comparison between FCFS, Priority based and Round Robin scheduling algorithms. The priority based and round robin scheduling algorithm have showcased better results under certain parameters than the FCFS.

Dermatophyte skin infections affect around a quarter of the world’s population and are a growing public health concern due to increasing incidence of novel species causing severe infections that are resistant to antifungal treatments. Trichophyton species cause the greatest burden of dermatophytosis worldwide, with the T. mentagrophytes species complex being particularly associated with the emergence of new aggressive infections. One emerging species, T. indotineae (originally T. mentagrophytes genotype VIII) is notable for the extensive nature of the often inflammatory infection, its clinical resistance to terbinafine antifungal treatment, and its rapid global spread. To better understand the epidemiology of this disease, we sourced isolates from severe cases of dermatophytosis in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Canada and India for the period 2018-2023, including the type strain from Japan. We used whole-genome sequencing to confirm 90 isolates were T. indotineae, and antifungal susceptibility testing indicated that over half of these (62%) were resistant to terbinafine (MIC ≥1 mg/L). Pairwise genetic distances showed very high identity with only 147 (1-414) SNPs separating isolates that were nested within a monophyletic phylogeny, supporting a single evolutionary origin of T. indotineae. That no clear geographic clustering of isolates was observed confirms the rapid transcontinental spread of T. indotineae from its likely centre of diversity in Asia. Genome-wide analyses identified multiple non-synonymous SNPs in SQLE (ERG1), the squalene epoxidase target of terbinafine, that were associated with terbinafine in vitro resistance ≥1 mg/L. However, five isolates exhibited high MIC values without SQLE mutations, suggesting the presence of alternative resistance mechanisms. Our findings highlight the importance of better genomic surveillance to understand and manage this severe and rapidly emerging terbinafine-resistant dermatophyte.